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Description: Reactor.
We refer to the priority European patent application Nr. 05447221.2 / EP O5447221 dated October 3, 2005, introduced by the same inventor.
In above mentioned patent application an extensive description and several claims were made related to new plasma reactors.
This new patent-application contains many of the basic ideas disclosed and claimed in EP 05447221 in more detailed way or in variations. There are also methods described which were not disclosed in the abovementioned patent application. This invention relates to an energy producing system, method, concept and technology whereby in a reactor-embodiment a first basic set of interactions – called initial dynamic process - is created where atomic hydrogen is generated without mechanical motion, and after this first interactions a second chain of energetic events is created via a rotative magnetic initiation of a basic ionization of a gas (i.e. hydrogen) or other matters, which then triggers a controllable chain of energy transfers (so called scintillation) to the next following layer(s) of introduced gasses (i.e. He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) and all other introduced elements of the periodic table (i.e. Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, …Pt, etc.) and/or their introduced molecule combinations (i.e. vapor). We show now also that injection of specific liquid metallic elements has advantages.
General remark on plasma’s.
An important misconception in the academic world is that plasma can only have high temperatures. In example Wikipedia says: ”Temperature controls the degree of plasma ionization. In particular, plasma ionization is determined by the electron temperature relative to the ionization energy (and more weakly by the density) in accordance with the Saha equation. A plasma is sometimes referred to as being hot if it is nearly fully ionized, or cold if only a small fraction (for example 1%) of the gas molecules are ionized (but other definitions of the terms hot plasma and cold plasma are common). Even in a "cold" plasma the electron temperature is still typically several thousand degrees. Plasmas utilized in plasma technology ("technological plasmas") are usually cold in this sense.”
In addition, but unknown in prior art, today plasma’s can also be created at room temperature or below, and at normal atmospheric pressure or below. As we have show in our simple reactors, like a cola bottle, a lunch box and a photo-film container. These plasma reactors deliver voltage and current, and can simultaneously separate carbon from the plastic of the bottle and deposit this carbon on copper electrodes under the form of atomic carbon (sp2 and sp3).
Nor we see the correct approach in patent-applications by other inventors. All patents and patent-applications miss an essential key to create and manage plasma’s, namely that in the correct combination of materials and their contact with radiation sources magnetic fields can be created without initial triggering by heat, magnets, electric pulses, positioning in layers, motion. We show and prove this in our working prototypes, like the static cola bottle (Fig. 11), which produces AND electricity, AND separates materials at atomic level.
Thus in examining any prior art one must keep above mentioned misconception in mind.
Prior Art.
Prior art shows in general the tendency to reproduce the conditions and processes in the Sun, like extreme heat, and most concepts refer to tori-shaped devices with magnetic confinement, like in patents: US 4363775 (Bussard), US 4367193 (Bussard) and 4363776 (Yamanda et Al).
The processes described by Mills (US2004/0247522A1 dd Dec 9, 2004) are initiated by laser and [0768] describes “ … a chemically generated plasma”. Further, claim 5 stipulates in §3. “a source of atomic hydrogen”. Non of these three specifications is used in our approach, since no laser is used, our process to create hydrogen is atomic, and not chemical, and we don’t use a initial source of atomic hydrogen because the atomic hydrogen is generate by itself during the process. Therefore claim 5 and all claims dependent from claim 5 are not to be considered prior art. Further our reactors can start in a complete immobile set-up without any triggering system, and all are able to self-generate plasma’s. Mills’ system is not fit for such. Therefore the fundament approach of Mill’s is different from ours.
In the description – but not in the claims - of WO 02/05292 A2, Yensen describes a apparatus and assembly for heating and compression of plasma, ions, to overcome the Coulomb repulsion) and to fuse into heavier element(s), and describes that this can be realized by the use of a plasma generator, a pump to circulate fluid, a plasma separator (14 and 22 of Fig. 1), etc. Pag 13, Line 39 – 43 explains that a starting temperature of 25,273 K is needed! The fluid (Mercury or an electrically conductive fluid) is essential because – Yensen assumes - it will hold the plasma “bubbles” (from 2mm to 10 mm diameter) which are later compressed. Further it is important to notice that the ionization doesn’t happens in a reactor but in a pre-preparatory set-up the whole patent application does not mention fission, since the object is to create heavier element(s). However, in none of the broad independent claims the apparatus (itself) is described, where the claims should “claim” at least one embodiment or assembly.
There is no resemblance of all of that patent application with ours.
US 4,428,193 (Papp) describes a very complex mechanical apparatus using compression caused by mechanical piston(s) (claim 1, §2) and a plurality of coils to create magnetic fields, and other means like filters, ray tubes, a polarizer, ionizers, supplies for electrical current to ionizing means, etc. This apparatus or engine through heat excites adjacent helium to create a plasma (Column 11, line 53 – line 54). Papp isolates the helium first by other layers, and secondly from the walls by the use of a modest vacuum caused by coils and by the movement of the piston. In column 13, line 5 - 7 Papp describes his way how the gasses are caused to circulate in the cylinder by the change of polarity of the coils, our way is different since no coils are claimed. To Papp this is essential, so this is no prior art. Further Papp describes in column 13, line 25 – 27 that he needs to energize the top and bottom coil to produce two separate fields, where no coils are used in our approach. In our case the separation between layers of inert gasses – in the case where we use rotating reactors - is mainly provoked by self-generation of plasmatic magnetic energy fields between those layers or by introducing small amounts of specific materials, like atomic metallic vapour, between the layers of inert gasses which enhance the plasmatic magnetic energy fields.
The Papp concept is totally different from our reactors, since in our reactors the introduced materials already create initial plasma(‘s) by themselves – like by self-generating radioactive isotopes - or by triggering separate radioactive source(s) in the reactor or in the introduced materials.
In US 2003/0002611 A1 (Greatbatch) claim 1 described an electrostatic fusion reactor with a potential well, which is surrounded by one or more collector cages. Paragraph 15 specifies clearly that this reactor is especially adapted for 3He reactions, and includes two concentric high-voltage spherical grids, where the outer grids is grounded and the inner grid can held at a high negative DC voltage. Paragraph 18 specifies that the “potential well” is formed by either a spherical grid anode or a virtual anode, and cages are added around the well to “slow down the speeding protons”. Paragraph 24 specifies that the grid is made by wire material (like tungsten), and paragraph 26 explains that the reactor output energy is in the form of high-velocity protons, that must be converted in electrons by a cage. We do not use cages, nor grids. Paragraph 32 points out that an outside voltage source of –200Kv is needed which is lead to the center, which is not in our case since we don’t use an initial electrical source in the center of the reactor. Since paragraph 57 refers to totally different concept it is not to be considered prior art, even other materials then 3He could be implemented. Independent claims 1, 11 and 12 all mention either a grid and/or a potential well, which are not used in our system(s), therefore also all dependent claims are not relevant.
In US 4,831,627 of J.L. Campbell uses fixed magnets to create magnetic fields, where in our approach internal interaction processes of the materials create the plasmatic magnetic fields, which themselves lead to further processes of fusion, fission and fusion/fission (called semi-fusion). Our materials don’t need to be “injected” like in Campbell’s patent but can enter the reactor embodiment by non-pressurized ports. Campbell claims in claim 1 and 12 to use “gas molecules” thus combined atoms. If we use gasses, these are at atomic level. His claim 1 (d) clearly identifies that the cause of colliding are magnetic fields created by said annular magnet – which is positioned on the walls - and by said magnetic means. In our approach the elements inside the reactor create plasmatic magnetic fields themselves due to their interactions between themselves due to the use of principles like scintillation and ionization and creation of independent magnetic fields, which never has been achieved in prior art, neither has even been mentioned. We have proven this principle of self-generation of PMEF in our static and dynamic prototype cores (Image cola bottle reactor). In a simple cola bottle we show the origin of creation of energy through creation of plasma where – as Fig 12 and 13 shows - power is generated in the plasma, demonstrated by two electrodes that are totally in the pure plasmatic environment (above the liquid). At the same time we demonstrate in the same core that energy is created primly through ionization at the atomic level, at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, which has never been achieved in prior art. Where the process for the creation of atomic hydrogen necessary for ionization and matters needed for production of magnetic fields are done through a continuous process of fusion, fission and what we call a semi-fusion state. However in dependent claims we disclose that additionally we can add a number of technical features which will enhance the outcome, or speed up the process.
In the paper titled "The Atom" (by MT Keshe), where, the fundamental method of the creation and development of components of any matter is explained, where it is said about the simplicity of creation of an atom: "The universe is made of energies and not matters. Where, atoms are created in the cold conditions in the weakest magnetic strength fields regions of a system (like galaxies), and totally in opposite point, where molecules and matters are created out of collection of the same atoms, in relative strong and condense magnetic fields regions of the systems. How these energies orginally interact, and how the lower base energy levels come together to guarantee their existence, decides what it appears as different parts of the atom".
The general hypothesis is that for the creation of matters neither needs excess temperature, nor extreme pressure, but all matters charachteristics can be reached by altering the fundamental plasmatic magnetic energy (PME) of Specific Entangled Plasmatic Magnetic Fields (SEPMAF). Where SEPMAF's are what we call today in physics; initial parts of fundamentals of particles and atoms. Protons, neutrons and electrons are collections of SEPMAF's which their magnetic fields have a specific structural magnetic entanglement, for example as the double plasmatic magnetic structure.
Each type of SEPMAF's has a proper strength and magnetic structure. These basic plasmatic magnetic entanglements have a loose binding character, and not a fixed single magnetic field as in solid magnets.
That loose plasmatic magnetic binding of a SEPMAF may be altered by the presence, characteristics and behavior of other SEPMAF’s, namely by their plasmatic magnetic strength and structure, and by their position and motion. The strength of SEPMAF’s of the same type can alter within certain limits, thus their structure is dynamic.
In other words: Under the right conditions – like minimal distance - these SEPMAF’s interact and can influence each other in several ways, in example like; one or more SEPMAF's can have a change in the plasmatic magnetic field structure; one or both of the SEPMAF's can disentangle; SEPMAF's can reposition between each other or change position in the surrounding fields.
When SEPMAF's are in motion they will be influenced by the SEPMAF’s, which they pass and come into.
As such the "Atom" is a combination of several types of SEPMAF's, and molecules are more complex SEPMAF's.
The physical interactions between SEPMAF's are one of repeated states of balance or unbalance. To the observer this flux of magnetic changes means property changes of the atoms and of the molecules.
Once we understand these basic plasmatic magnetic interactions in the building elements which compose matters, like molecules, we are able to change all properties of matters, and atoms, by using, in the correct way plasmatic magnetic fields provided by the SEPMAF's themselves and by additional magnetic and/or electromagnetic sources, in solid or liquid form, which are in fact more complex SEPMAF's themselves too.
This means that such processing happens in a smooth way on the fundamental magnetic level, and not by brute forces, like in reactors, which need high temperature and high pressure conditions.
By repeated experiments and tests in simple reactors, working at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure, we have evidence – which is confirmed - that this type of processing is very feasible and reliable and are normal daily occurrence in the world of physics, if and only if the correct conditions are present.
We have now indications - through static and dynamic tests in our reactors - that the Universe was made in normal condition of cosmos, which was originally nothing but packages of plasmatic magnetic fields of different strength, which these packages were themselves nothing but area's of plasma or collections of loose magnetic fields energies. Where magnetic fields of different strength in-locking to each other, by principle of their plasmatic magnetic energy (PME), have caused in the first stage the creation of fundamental particles, secondly atoms, then molecules and then matter, clouds and asteroids and then stars and galaxy's".
The interaction and accumulation of the plasmatic magnetic energies usually leads to creation of energy, heat and/or of motion of their given atomic structure in the inner sanctum of the each atom (and molecule), which finally leads to creation of all sorts of matters in the cosmos.
In the universal order, binding energy of a nucleus of matter is lost through plasmatic magnetic energy losses.
That is to say, in a solid magnet, the magnetic energy of the matter is permanent according to realignment of electrons within the materials of the magnet and can not be altered by its use, but in the plasmatic magnetic energy in the nucleus of an atom this is not so. There the magnetic energy in plasmatic state which can be transferred from one level of an atom to another level, or commonly from one atom to another, independent of temperature and pressure.
A vacuum condition may enhance or facilitate the condition of such transfer of plasmatic magnetic energy in ambient condition in a simple plasma structure environment.
By use of the new understanding of creation of matters and the real relationship between all elements and their connection and transfer of energy in simple way, and not necessarily in the complicated chemical and biochemical reactions and connections, we predict that atomic plasmatic magnetic energy of any element can be replicated, where after separation of atoms from composite matter then the same atoms can be re-accumulated on a given position and in a specific place.
"It is important to note that, in an atom "the interaction between the two plasmatic magnetic fields of neutrons and protons, is in fact the creator of the double magnetic field of the atom and consequently is the creator of the gravitational field of the whole atom (very much like the double magnetic field created in the center of the Earth, as explained in the paper "The creation of Gravity").
Where the magnetic energy of the nuclease can be increased, up to a limit without disintegration of their inner gravitational forces of its constituent (like neutron and proton plasma magnetic energies) for it to attain the plasmatic magnetic energy of higher element".
Confirmation by experiments and tests with Carbon.
The above given new insights of plasmatic magnetic energies in SEPMAF’s provides a new approach in the control of matters within a closed environments like so called reactor with which the correct conditions can be created and maintained in. For example, in our reactors we have the separation of matters like carbon and hydrogen where separation is achieved by separating these atomically from their original composites, and then selectively collected in a given area as atomic hydrogen for energy production and/or deposited as carbon on predetermined surfaces for production of new materials like graphene or glassy carbon.
By using this simple method in a simple reactor, the carbon atoms are deliberately, as it is done in cosmos, separated from their constituent composite materials, and then recollected on elements, which are specifically positioned and placed in the reactor.
For simplicity and confirmation of the proof of concept, a Cola bottle (50cl) was used as a reactor, at room temperature and pressure, without the use of any external means or effects. Inside an electromagnetic wave source was mounted inside and the bottle was filled with a composed liquid and then closed.
After a one hour the first black deposits of carbon were noticed. After five hours the electrodes, which were positioned above the liquid, were completely black. Parts of the electrodes positioned inside the liquid were not covered with carbon deposits. The carbon atoms and carbon walls - several hundreds of atomic layers thick - were collected on the electrodes in this simple reactor, and a sample was tested and confirmed by Raman spectroscopy to be containing atomic carbon cluster known as graphene (sp2) and probably sp3 which according to report could be hidden beneath the SP2 layer and clear layers of glassy carbon on the poles of the electrodes.
This examined electrode shows several sp2 layers on top of each other. The reason is that we used the tested sample previously for several different loadings and several carbon extractions from several materials. The tested electrode was just picked randomly from some 30 or 40 pieces.
Through the same principle, then a 27 electrodes reactor (a lunch box – Fig. 8 and 9) was used to produce in larger quantities the same atomic carbon, and atomic sp3 (three dimensional carbon, known as diamond) was collected. Further it was found that glassy carbon was simultaneous produced in the reactor, which has been confirmed in the Raman spectroscopy report. In this lunch-box reactor also copper-oxide and several other oxide like nickel and composite material were created and deposited on the surface of the electrodes which were submerged in the liquid.
By principles of physics and by new understanding of connection of matters and applying this the relationship in a reactor and not a chemical interaction between different atoms in a composite, it becomes very easy to disintegrate composite matters like carbon and iron, and then deposit the carbon, which changes to gas in atomic level on to a given surface.
From the point of disassociation from iron atoms', the carbon automatically recombines with oxygen in its environment creating CO2 by use of additional plasmatic electromagnetic source, which this is disintegrated to carbon and oxygen and then the carbon can be attracted and deposited on to a pre-designated surface.
In our tests, carbon atoms are extracted from CO2 gas, plastic, metals and composites.
In these tests we use a mixture of hydrogen liquid as the mediator, an electromagnetic wave source, and copper electrodes as the collector.
It has to be made clear that the carbon was only collected and deposited on the electrodes, which where not placed in the liquid, this proving the clear plasmatic transfer of the carbon from the liquid and the carbon content of the container which included a PET-plastic cola bottle (Image 2), containing in its molecular structure, carbon.
By the same measure it has to be said that there were no carbon deposits on the electrodes which were submerged in the liquid, this confirming that there has never been any catalysis process present in this technology, which carbon or other matters could be transferred from one element to the other as in plating system.
It is important to note that the mediator in the reactor is not acids and bases either, that can cause chemical reaction needed for catalytic process.
In the universe acids are composites of further inter-compositions of atoms, and atoms are created long before any acids are created.
At the same time when the bottle were emptied and then refilled, the deposition of the graphene is instantaneous and covers all elements even the ones which are going to be submerged in the same process.
We have created several reactors for the proof of this concept. Fig. 4 and 5 shows a plastic photo film container is used to create a 1.5 volts DC and 1.2 Ac voltage simultaneously from 4 terminals.
Difference between normal magnetic fields and plasmatic magnetic energy fields.
To fully understand our approach it is important to grasp the difference between normal magnetic fields (NMF) and plasmatic magnetic energy fields (PMEF). A PMEF can be defined as the magnetic energy which is already possessed by the plasma and it is inherent in the construction of any atom. All atoms are collections of specific entangled plasmatic magnetic fields (SEPMAF), thus all atoms and molecules also posses SEPMAF’s, and have more complex combinations of such PMEF. Also electrons are SEPMAF’s , but certain other SEPMAF’s can have identical of similar magnetic energy strength to electrons without being electrons themselves. The consequence of this is, in example, that when two nuclei approach each other, a fragment of their PMEF be released and such smaller PMEF can reposition and act as being an electron.
Some interesting remarks are made by Nobel Prize laureate Wilczek related to the strange background processes in the quantum mechanical concepts. To Frank Wilzcek (arXiv:physics/0511067-v2, dd 11 Nov 2005) “In modern quantum mechanics, an electron is no longer described as a particle in orbit. Rather, it is described by a vibrating wave pattern in all space … In Schrödinger’s account light is emitted or absorbed when the electron’s vibrations set the electromagnetic field – aether, if you like – in motion, by the same sort of sympathetic vibration that leads to the emission of sound by musical instruments, when their vibrations set air in motion. These regular, continuous processes replace the mysterious “quantum jumps” from one orbit to another that were assumed, but not explained, in Bohr’s model. … So the notion of using protons and neutrons as elementary building blocks, bound together by forces you would just go ahead and measure, became untenable.” And: “Asymptotic freedom says that an energetic quark (or antiquark or gluon) will frequently emit soft radiation, which does not significantly change the overall flow of energy and momentum; but only rarely emit hard radiation, which does produce changes in the flow.” And: “We know from many experiments that electrons and positrons have no significant internal structure, so there’s no question that when we make these collisions we really are doing the same thing over and over again.”, and further: “ …what we perceive as empty space is in reality a highly structured and vibrant dynamical medium.”
Where Wilczek claims that protons and neutrons are composed of quarks and gluons, in our almost similar understanding, we see that there are several complex SEPMAF’s which PMEF’s are loose interlocked, and thus where the energy generated by the plasma is much greater than energy provoked by much smaller electrons, hence a more powerful energy source magnetic field can be attained from the dynamic plasma. This is the method behind our simple power production in the reactors where we use plasma at room temperature and room pressure. Then creating ionization and vast amount of energy is possible without needing to have in advance vast amount of energy to create ionization.
Related to the generation of energy, the interaction of two such PMEF will lead to the release of fragmentation in the form of smaller PMEF, where the accumulated energies from these fragmentations can reach the energy level equal to the energy of electron charge (13.2 eV), but not being an electron itself, which the motion of these electric charges within the dynamic core once extracted through the walls or through electrodes from the embodiment, can lead to generation of current. In the Fig. 14 we show in a graph the outcome and this accumulation in mV and mA between several electrodes of a simple static cola-bottle reactor.
In relation to the production of matter, by introducing in the reactor embodiment specific materials, be it gasses, matters or plasma’s – which all have their specific PMEF’s , one or both PMEF of an element will have a passive or active effect on other PMEF’s in the reactor. So that they can attract and/or repel away from their position. For them to create a temporary state of fission of atoms from their combined atomic structure – with or without a use of a additional plasmatic magnetic energy source – and for a condition to be created in the reactor embodiment for atoms to create a state of cold fusion condition, for the matter to absorb energy in a plasmatic magnetic level for it to create a temporary semi-fusion state for the atom for it be able to reconstruct itself in atomic level and to be relocated individually or as a collection of atoms or as a atomic layer on a given predetermined position. Where the energy for diffusion is through additional source allowing the liberation of the atom or diffusion of matter in atomic level, leading to liberation of matter in atomic level.
Evidence for this is given in static prototypes like the cola bottle reactors and in a simple lunch-box plasma rector (Fig. 8 and 9) where separation at atomic level happens, at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, where these dynamic released atomic matters can lead to creation of energy in electrovolt levels.
By the appropriate choice of materials, where the conditions through creation of vacuum and scintillation by the use of radioactive source(s) and inert gasses, will lead to the creation and release of EUV waves, which in interaction with the hydrogen created through semi-fusion condition process, will lead to creation of positively charged plasma – which is dynamic -, which in turn this with interaction with the metallic or semi-metallic materials in the atomic and molecular level, or the atomic metallic conditions, in plasma within the core will create the necessary plasmatic magnetic field within any confined position within the core. Where the interaction of such two fields will be created at the atomic or molecular level, which although these could be of the similar magnetic field strength, and partitioned within the core, where due to the physical partition and dynamic characteristics of the core, the unattainable interlocking of the two PME will create the condition for the rotation of the partition wall between the two fields, which this rotation of the partition wall will guarantee the centrifugal or rotative condition, necessary for the materials on both side of the partition wall in maintaining dynamic rotative characteristics of both PMEFs, which in turn guarantees the creation and control of both of the MPEF on both sides of the partition wall, which the interaction between these two fields will lead to the creation of a superimposed double magnetic field method necessary for the creation of gravitational and spherical magnetic field around the reactor embodiment .
Where in specific conditions one single dynamic plasmatic magnetic energy field will be sufficient to create gravitational and anti-gravitational conditions necessary for motion in respect to a second independent outside gravitational magnetic field force. Between both will be then a double attractive and repulsive relationship, and depending from programmable positioning one will be stronger than the other.
We explain how to release an atom by using matter in conjunction with any type of radioactive materials for the creation of positive plasma ionization, where by the motion of the charged matter within a metallic or semi-metallic matter, or within imposed atomic metallic conditions we create the essential magnetic field conditions necessary for the creation of gravity.
An other aspect are mediators and the facilitators among said materials, where the mediators are the elements which allow the facilitators to reach, be kept, be available or to be transported to and/or at a certain point in the core, where the facilitators can deliver their energy or carry out their functions in that specific point or area, and where the facilitators are the particles, plasma’s, atoms and molecules which carry or can absorb or can deliver the release of plasmatic magnetic field of materials within the confinement of the said embodiment, where the fascillators are the materials which accommodate the transfer of energy between the recipient and/or the donor plasmatic magnetic energies, which are/can be used within the system.
In the light of the above mentioned approach and collected evidence we claim several methods and type of reactors.
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