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Description: New type of static and dynamic plasma reactors.
We refer to the priority of European patent application Nr. EP 05447221 dated October 3, 2005, and European patent application Nr. EP 05447236 dated October 20, 2005, introduced by the same inventor.
Above mentioned patent applications have extensive descriptions and several claims methods were described and claims were made related to new plasma reactors.
This new patent-application contains many of the basic ideas disclosed and claimed in the previous patent applications in more detailed way or in variations. There are also methods described which were not disclosed in the abovementioned patent applications.
A very important part of this new patent applications is related to static plasma reactors which can work temperature and pressure independent. Non of such type of plasma reactor were ever used or disclosed in prior art.
It is very important to notice from the beginning that the magnetic fields which are disclosed and described in this patent application are in principle NOT caused or triggered by placement inside or outside the reactor of solid magnets, but the magnetic fields are caused and created through a dynamic core or containment using plasma and charged particles and their loose electrons, specifically created by placement of radioactive material inside the core which itself could be static or dynamic. This systems bares no resemblance to the way or method which any of the following patents applies to it: W0 02/05292 A, US 4 428 193 A, US 4 831 627 A, and US 2003/002611. Non of those prior art disclosed reactors will work without external intervention, such as having an initial heating source, or an initial electromagnetic device, or bringing the reactor core under a certain pressure. All our reactors, also these disclosed in the first two applications – even is they are equipped with internal or external means or devices - can create energy without any of such means or devices. And this created energy is capable to generate itself sufficient conditions to provoke internally self-generated turbulence, heat, current, magnetic fields and other events which need in prior art an initial triggering intervention. In our case(s) we don’t need such. If we use the right choice of containment materials, in combination with the choice of right ratio of the nuclear material in conjunction with the right ratio of the initial materials, we create the necessary environment and conditions to achieve a useful self-balancing system to generate energy and preferred physical phenomena, this an a programmable way.
The majority of the claims are supported by various tests of working prototypes in lab environment, such as the production of currents and voltage in a static plasma reactor, the production of graphene at room temperature, creation of power, CO2 separation, creation of a single magnetic field in a dynamic core, creation of atomic hydrogen without the intervention of any heat or pressure in quantities to support continuous ionization enough to create current and voltage, and plasma which can be use in dynamic condition for the creation of magnetic fields as it happens in planetary systems, miniature batteries (0.0001/M3), etc. Since this type of basic static plasma reactor – producing energy at room temperature and without artificial pressure – thus Temperature Independent (TI) and Pressure Independent (PI) - is totally new we claim a large numbers of specific methods to be used in TIPI plasma reactors. Under this name we consider also reactors which are equipped with intervening means but which can perform also all interactions without using them.
An important misconception is that plasma can only have high temperatures. In example Wikipedia says: ”Temperature controls the degree of plasma ionization. In particular, plasma ionization is determined by the electron temperature relative to the ionization energy (and more weakly by the density) in accordance with the Saha equation. A plasma is sometimes referred to as being hot if it is nearly fully ionized, or cold if only a small fraction (for example 1%) of the gas molecules are ionized (but other definitions of the terms hot plasma and cold plasma are common). Even in a "cold" plasma the electron temperature is still typically several thousand degrees. Plasmas utilized in plasma technology ("technological plasmas") are usually cold in this sense.” In addition, but unknown in prior art, today plasma’s can also be created at room temperature or below, and at normal atmospheric pressure or below. As we have show in our simple reactors, like a cola bottle, a lunch box and a photo-film container. These plasma reactors deliver voltage and current, and can simultaneously separate carbon from the plastic of the bottle and deposit this carbon on copper electrodes under the form of atomic carbon (sp2 and sp3). Similar, in large industrial plants, other elements can be extracted at atomic levels from all kinds of basic materials or waste, and various type of deposits will be possible. Of course higher or lower temperature may enhance the results or a pressurized or vacuum condition, but always at normal temperature there will be deposits.
This question is what the fusion engineers are avoiding to answer. They are hoping to have an answer in fifty years, after spending thirteen billion dollars in the next twenty years from the common market and Japan.
Nor we see the correct approach in patent-applications by other inventors. All patents and patent-applications miss an essential key to create and manage plasma’s, namely that in the correct combination of materials and their contact with radiation sources magnetic fields can be created without initial triggering by heat, magnets, electric pulses, positioning in layers, motion. We show this in our working prototypes, like the static cola bottle (Fig. 11), which produces AND electricity, AND separates materials at atomic level.
Prior Art.
Prior art shows in general the tendency to reproduce the conditions and processes in the Sun, and most concepts refer to tori-shaped devices with magnetic confinement, like in patents: US 4363775 (Bussard), US 4367193 (Bussard) and 4363776 (Yamanda et Al).
The processes described by Mills (US2004/0247522A1 dd Dec 9, 2004) are initiated by laser and [0768] describes “ … a chemically generated plasma”. Further, claim 5 stipulates in §3. “a source of atomic hydrogen”. Non of these three specifications is used in our approach, since no laser is used, our process to create hydrogen is atomic, and not chemical, and we don’t use a initial source of atomic hydrogen because the atomic hydrogen is generate by itself during the process. Therefore claim 5 and all claims dependent from claim 5 are not to be considered prior art. Further our reactors can start in a complete immobile set-up without any triggering system, and is able to self-generate plasma’s. Mills’ system is not fit for such.
In the description – but not in the claims - of WO 02/05292 A2 , Yensen describes a apparatus and assembly for heating and compression of plasma, ions, to overcome the Coulomb repulsion) and to fuse into heavier element(s), and describes that this can be realized by the use of a plasma generator, a pump to circulate fluid, a plasma separator (14 and 22 of Fig. 1), etc. Pag 13, Line 39 – 43 explains that a starting temperature of 25,273 K is needed! The fluid (Mercury or an electrically conductive fluid) is essential because – Yensen assumes - it will hold the plasma “bubbles” (from 2mm to 10 mm diameter) which are later compressed. Further it is important to notice that the ionization doesn’t happens in a reactor but in a pre-preparatory set-up the whole patent application does not mention fission, since the object is to create heavier element(s). However, in none of the broad independent claims the apparatus (itself) is described, where the claims should “claim” at least one embodiment or assembly.
There is no resemblance of all of that patent application with ours.
US 4,428,193 (Papp) describes a very complex mechanical apparatus using compression caused by mechanical piston(s) (claim 1, §2) and a plurality of coils to create magnetic fields, and other means like filters, ray tubes, a polarizer, ionizers, supplies for electrical current to ionizing means, etc. This apparatus or engine through heat excites adjacent helium to create a plasma (Column 11, line 53 – line 54). Papp isolates the helium first by other layers, and secondly from the walls by the use of a modest vacuum caused by coils and by the movement of the piston. In column 13, line 5 - 7 Papp describes his way how the gasses are caused to circulate in the cylinder by the change of polarity of the coils, our way is different since no coils are claimed. To Papp this is essential, so this is no prior art. Further Papp describes in column 13, line 25 – 27 that he needs to energize the top and bottom coil to produce two separate fields, where no coils are used in our approach. In our case the separation between layers of inert gasses – in the case where we use rotating reactors - is mainly provoked by self-generation of plasmatic magnetic energy fields between those layers or by introducing small amounts of specific materials, like atomic metallic vapor, between the layers of inert gasses which enhance the plasmatic magnetic energy fields.
The Papp concept is totally different from our reactors, since in our reactors the introduced materials already create initial plasma(‘s) by themselves – like by self-generating radioactive isotopes - or by triggering separate radioactive source(s) in the reactor or in the introduced materials.
In US 2003/0002611 A1 (Greatbatch) claim 1 described an electrostatic fusion reactor with a potential well, which is surrounded by one or more collector cages. Paragraph 15 specifies clearly that this reactor is especially adapted for 3He reactions, and includes two concentric high-voltage spherical grids, where the outer grids is grounded and the inner grid can held at a high negative DC voltage. Paragraph 18 specifies that the “potential well” is formed by either a spherical grid anode or a virtual anode, and cages are added around the well to “slow down the speeding protons”. Paragraph 24 specifies that the grid is made by wire material (like tungsten), and paragraph 26 explains that the reactor output energy is in the form of high-velocity protons, that must be converted in electrons by a cage. We do not use cages, nor grids. Paragraph 32 points out that an outside voltage source of –200Kv is needed which is lead to the center, which is not in our case since we don’t use an initial electrical source in the center of the reactor. Since paragraph 57 refers to totally different concept it is not to be considered prior art, even other materials then 3He could be implemented. Independent claims 1, 11 and 12 all mention either a grid and/or a potential well, which are not used in our system(s), therefore also all dependent claims are not relevant.
In US 4,831,627 of J.L. Campbell uses fixed magnets to create magnetic fields, where in our approach internal interaction processes of the materials create the plasmatic magnetic fields, which themselves lead to further processes of fusion, fission and fusion/fission (called semi-fusion). Our materials don’t need to be “injected” like in Campbell’s patent but can enter the reactor embodiment by non-pressurized ports. Campbell claims in claim 1 and 12 to use “gas molecules” thus combined atoms. If we use gasses, these are at atomic level. His claim 1 (d) clearly identifies that the cause of colliding are magnetic fields created by said annular magnet – which is positioned on the walls - and by said magnetic means. In our approach the elements inside the reactor create plasmatic magnetic fields themselves due to their interactions between themselves due to the use of principles like scintillation and ionization and creation of independent magnetic fields, which never has been achieved in prior art, neither has even been mentioned. We have proven this principle of self-generation of PMEF in our static and dynamic prototype cores (Image cola bottle reactor). In a simple cola bottle we show the origin of creation of energy through creation of plasma where – as Fig 12 and 13 shows - power is generated in the plasma, demonstrated by two electrodes that are totally in the pure plasmatic environment (above the liquid). At the same time we demonstrate in the same core that energy is created primly through ionization at the atomic level, at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, which has never been achieved in prior art. Where the process for the creation of atomic hydrogen necessary for ionization and matters needed for production of magnetic fields are done through a continuous process of fusion, fission and what we call a semi-fusion state. However in dependent claims we disclose that additionally we can add a number of technical features which will enhance the outcome, or speed up the process.
To fully understand our approach it is important to grasp the difference between normal magnetic fields (NMF) and plasmatic magnetic energy fields (PMEF). A PMEF can be defined as the magnetic energy which is already possessed by the plasma and it is inherent in the construction of any atom. All atoms are collections of specific entangled plasmatic magnetic fields (SEPMAF), thus all atoms and molecules also posses SEPMAF’s, and have more complex combinations of such PMEF. Also electrons are SEPMAF’s , but certain other SEPMAF’s can have identical of similar magnetic energy strength to electrons without being electrons themselves. The consequence of this is, in example, that when two nuclei approach each other, a fragment of their PMEF be released and such smaller PMEF can reposition and act as being an electron.
Some interesting remarks are made by Nobel Prize laureate Wilczek related to the strange background processes in the quantum mechanical concepts. To Wilzcek (arXiv:physics/0511067-v2, dd 11 Nov 2005) “In modern quantum mechanics, an electron is no longer described as a particle in orbit. Rather, it is described by a vibrating wave pattern in all space … In Schrödinger’s account light is emitted or absorbed when the electron’s vibrations set the electromagnetic field – aether, if you like – in motion, by the same sort of sympathetic vibration that leads to the emission of sound by musical instruments, when their vibrations set air in motion. These regular, continuous processes replace the mysterious “quantum jumps” from one orbit to another that were assumed, but not explained, in Bohr’s model. … So the notion of using protons and neutrons as elementary building blocks, bound together by forces you would just go ahead and measure, became untenable.” And: “Asymptotic freedom says that an energetic quark (or antiquark or gluon) will frequently emit soft radiation, which does not significantly change the overall flow of energy and momentum; but only rarely emit hard radiation, which does produce changes in the flow.” And: “We know from many experiments that electrons and positrons have no significant internal structure, so there’s no question that when we make these collisions we really are doing the same thing over and over again.”, and further: “ …what we perceive as empty space is in reality a highly structured and vibrant dynamical medium.
Where Wilczek claims that protons and neutrons are composed of quarks and gluons, in our almost similar understanding, we see there several complex SEPMAF’s which PMEF’s are loose interlocked, and thus where the energy generated by the plasma is much greater than energy provoked by much smaller electrons, hence a more powerful energy source magnetic field can be attained from the dynamic plasma. This is the method behind our simple power production in the reactors where we use plasma at room temperature and room pressure. Then creating ionization and vast amount of energy is possible without needing to have in advance vast amount of energy to create ionization.
Related to the generation of energy, the interaction of two such PMEF will lead to the release of fragmentation in the form of smaller PMEF, where the accumulated energies from these fragmentations can reach the energy level equal to the energy of electron charge (13.2 eV), but not being an electron itself, which the motion of these electric charges within the dynamic core once extracted through the walls or through electrodes from the embodiment, can lead to generation of current. In the Fig. 14 we show in a graph the outcome and this accumulation in mV and mA between several electrode of a cola-bottle reactor.
In relation to the production of matter, by introducing in the reactor embodiment specific materials, be it gasses, matters or plasma’s – which all have their specific PMEF’s , one or both PMEF of an element will have a passive or active effect on other PMEF’s in the reactor. So that they can attract and/or repel away from their position. For them to create a temporary state of fission of atoms from their combined atomic structure – with or without a use of a additional plasmatic magnetic energy source – and for a condition to be created in the reactor embodiment for atoms to create a state of cold fusion condition, for the matter to absorb energy in a plasmatic magnetic level for it to create a temporary semi-fusion state for the atom for it be able to reconstruct itself in atomic level and to be relocated individually or as a collection of atoms or as a atomic layer on a given predetermined position. Where the energy for diffusion is through additional source allowing the liberation of the atom or diffusion of matter in atomic level, leading to liberation of matter in atomic level.
Evidence for this is given in static prototypes like the cola bottle reactor where separation at atomic level happens, at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, where these dynamic released atomic matters can lead to creation of energy in electrovolt levels. By the appropriate choice of materials, where the conditions through creation of vacuum and scintillation by the use of radioactive source(s) and inert gasses, will lead to the creation and release of EUV waves, which in interaction with the hydrogen created through semi-fusion condition process, will lead to creation of positively charged plasma – which is dynamic -, which in turn this with interaction with the metallic or semi-metallic materials in the atomic and molecular level, or the atomic metallic conditions, in plasma within the core will create the necessary plasmatic magnetic field within any confined position within the core. Where the interaction of such two fields will be created at the atomic or molecular level, which although these could be of the similar magnetic field strength, and partitioned within the core, where due to the physical partition and dynamic characteristics of the core, the unattainable interlocking of the two PME will create the condition for the rotation of the partition wall between the two fields, which this rotation of the partition wall will guarantee the centrifugal or rotative condition, necessary for the materials on both side of the partition wall in maintaining dynamic rotative characteristics of both PMEFs, which in turn guarantees the creation and control of both of the MPEF on both sides of the partition wall, which the interaction between these two fields will lead to the creation of a superimposed double magnetic field method necessary for the creation of gravitational and spherical magnetic field around the reactor embodiment .
Where in specific conditions one single dynamic plasmatic magnetic energy field will be sufficient to create gravitational and anti-gravitational conditions necessary for motion in respect to a second independent outside gravitational magnetic field force. Between both will be then a double attractive and repulsive relationship, and depending from programmable positioning one will be stronger than the other.
We explain how to release an atom by using matter in conjunction with any type of radioactive materials for the creation of positive plasma ionization, where by the motion of the charged matter within a metallic or semi-metallic matter, or within imposed atomic metallic conditions we create the essential magnetic field conditions necessary for the creation of gravity or gravitational effects.
We disclose first a new method and chemo-nuclear, bio-nuclear and/or bio-chemo-nuclear process, to generate by nuclear fusion or semi-fusion or combination of fusion and fission, in a controlled way - in a closed environment (120,140) – being the reactor - which has at least one cavity in an embodiment and which can have one or more opening/closing means - a number of interactions which are triggered by nuclear radiation in initial materials. The nuclear source can be inside and/or outside the reactor, or be part of the initial material which is introduced.
Important is to notice that almost all of these interactions happen in a normal atmospheric condition. Some require a pressure-less vacuum condition, or a mixture of both individually in two adjacent cores with the same intermediary wall, which due to interactions stated below conditions in this claim, can lead to the creation of pressure, temperature differences, passive 3D-magnetic field(s), current, dynamic motion.
The reactor in which such actions and reactions can happen is relatively simple, for example it can be a closed embodiment or container (140A) with one cavity (122), one closing means (140B), one liquid mixture (125D), one nuclear source (116), and two terminals to collect current (118, 129). One of our first prototype was a simple – empty – cola bottle (see Fig. 48). But even – in an extreme - the nuclear source can be radioactive isotope(s) which is/are created in a later process in the sealed reactor, thus was not present as such in the original material that was introduced in the reactor, or was not present inside or positioned next to the reactor as independent source. The methodological step of closing the reactor, and thus creating a closed environment which allows for example the slow building up of internal turbulence, pressure and raise of temperature, provokes the basic condition to reach preferred atomic interactions in - what we call - the “initial material”. On the other hand these initial materials – depending from the composition in view of the preferred atomic interactions – may contain materials or compounds which need a long processing time, sometimes like six months to reach a preferred pure atomic state. Elements of pure atomic state are essential for such interactions. The processing of pure atomic matter (PAM) is not known in prior art or science.
Our reactor is filled with initial materials, this being the first stage, where the initial materials and the material(s) of the reactor come in contact with the radiation of the nuclear source(s). This is shown in diagram Fig. 57.
In the second stage a number of new sub-atomic and sub-nuclear particles and energies, atomic and molecular elements of the periodic table and their isotopes (which did not existed in the initial state in the environment or which were not present in these quantities) are created based on the said initial materials.
This happens by means of the interaction of the radiation (128) of specifically chosen radioactive source(s)(123, 124, 126, 116, 127)(like of low radiation i.e. 0.1-millirem) with said specifically chosen initial chemical or biological material(s) or both.
The initial materials can be gasses or mixture of gasses, vapor, plasma, liquids or mixture of liquids, or mixture of liquid gasses and/or solid materials inside a liquid, and dark matter, or any mixture of all the five states of matter, i.e. 20% liquid (144) + 20% solid (143A, 143B, 143C, 143D) + 60% mixture of gasses. See below our remarks related to the preferred presence of a PAM (Pure Atomic Metal), as claimed in claim 21. This initial material(s) must also have the basic building compounds to make at least radioactive isotopes or similar nuclear conditions by plasmatic fragmentations. This last is experimentally proven in our simple static reactors, where no radioactive sources are used. Further it must be pointed out that said initial material(s) may contain it’s self radioactive sources, like vapor, moisture, particles, liquids.
One of the preferred initial liquids will contain OH and a metallic soluble metal and/or a semi-metal material, where H2O could be a major component.
All processing happens in a cavity, without the use or need in the cavity or outside the cavity for any electromagnetic source (i.e. a solid magnet or coil), Ultra-violet source, heat source, introduction of pressure to an ambient condition, electronic device(s) or components (like a capacitor, a battery, a resonance circuit, etc.), motion means, and without the use of any external intervention. This is very important since in the actual state-of-the-art or prior art, these tools or devices are the triggering factors or conditions for the creation of atomic or molecular elements, i.e. an electrical input intervention will be used to initiate internal processes, or the positioning of magnets or coils around the cavity. We don’t need such!
The specifically chosen nuclear source(s) – preferable alpha and beta sources - are brought - within one or more cavities in the reactor - into contact or in interacting reach with said specifically chosen initial materials in their correct composition(s).
This nuclear interaction with the initial materials will perform the desired interaction(s) to create (or generate or liberate) new sub-particles, atoms and/or isotopes, molecules, dark matter, plasma and energies in the second stage, and - in the third stage - said radioactive source interactions will then also interact with the newly released, and/or with sub-particles, atoms and/or isotopes, molecules, dark matter, plasma and energies already present in the embodiment. Important to notice already here that some isotopes can be radioactive, which implicates that the mixture, in conjunction with the existing nuclear sources, has self-generated new nuclear sources which radiation will also participate in the whole process.
This will lead to the creation of plasma, energies (in electromagnetic wave-length), the release of sub-atomic, sub-nuclear particles, electrons, dark matter (for example from the creation of atomic or molecular hydrogen), and passive magnetic field(s) (like magnetic field known within the magnetosphere of earth), where not only said material(s) is the source of the atomic or molecular element(s), but the created element(s) (atoms and/or molecules) is automatically ionized by the same radiation source(s) which leads again to the creation of plasma and the creation of plasma, energies (in electromagnetic wave-length), the release of sub-atomic, sub-nuclear particles, electrons, dark matter, and passive magnetic field(s) or by any other radiations source(s) inside one or more cavities in/off the embodiment. Since we postulate that gravity effects (or gravity) is created by entangled, super-imposed magnetic fields, also such gravitational effects happen inside the sealed reactors.
The said new released materials or components in interaction with matters like metallic or semi-metallic materials (which where in the initial material(s) or in the embodiment) will lead to the creation of desired magnetic field(s). Said interactions in conjunction with the energy from the radioactive material can provoke also changes of polarities of flow of the charges within the initial material and polarity of the whole system.
This can lead also to the creation in difference(s) of electric potency (voltage) and electrons movements (current 149) which can - if desired - be collected by at least one terminal (118, 178) if the reactor is equipped with such terminal means. And where above mentioned interaction processes can lead – simultaneously - to industrial production of desired atomic and/or molecular materials as deposits on collection means, like electrodes, strands of wires and plates, or appear as flock/clustered material(s) or solids;
So a reactor is filled with initial materials. Inside is at least a nuclear source. Next to normal chemical interactions between the elements inside the initial materials the nuclear radiation provokes in a large number of the initial material transformations which bring new materials into the mixture. These react with a number of the initial materials and with the radiation. This leads for example to the creation of plasma, energies in electromagnetic wave-length, the release of sub-atomic and sub-nuclear particles and electrons, the creation of dark matter and passive magnetic field(s).
In above method there were no intervening means. However we claim also the method and chemo-nuclear, bio-nuclear and/or bio-chemo-nuclear process, by nuclear fusion or semi-fusion or combination of fusion and fission, as described above, where the reactor may be equipped – inside and/or outside - with one or more of next devices or sources, like a ultra-violet source, a electromagnetic source (i.e. an inside magnet or coil), a heat source, a system which introduces pressure to an ambient condition, electronic device(s) or components (like a capacitor, a battery, a resonance circuit, etc.), air/ground connection and/or motion means. But where the reactor is still able to perform preferred reactions – explicitly all interactions and reactions as described in claim 1 - such as the creation of plasma and of atomic hydrogen - even if all above mentioned devices or sources are not activated, but where said devices or sources may - being activated - accelerated the preferred processes or may alter partially the outcome, such as enlarge the output(s). So even if the reactor has extra intervening means, he still can provide the preferred interactions without using these extra tools. So whatever reactor concept is described in this patent application, these reactors will always be able to perform the interactions and energies and phenomena as described in our first claim. But, by using certain tools, like using an external motion mechanism we can create larger magnetic fields.
The initial materials.
The composition of said initial material will be preferable where a liquid material is a mixture of liquid states of elements generally known as “metals”, and where the activity modulating compound is of the formula A-B-C-D-E-F or where the chemical acceptable liquid thereof wherein the groups A through F have the values:
(a) R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of alkaline metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)
(b) R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of Alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)
(c) R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of transition metals (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Ds, Rg, Uub);
(d) R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of poor metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Ti, Pb, Bi, Uut, Uuq, Uup, Uuh);
(e) R.sub.5 is selected from the group consisting of actinides (Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr);
(f) R.sub.6 is selected from the group consisting of lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu);
(g) R.sub.7 is a liquid containing hydrogen,
Above-mentioned compounds – mentioned under R.sub - can be in any combination, and in any quantity be part of said initial materials. By introducing “metals” into said initial material(s) one of the essential conditions can be reached by having a correct composed cosmogony mixture...
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