The ARRL Handbook 2011.pdf

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2011
The ARRL
Handbook
For Radio Communications
Eighty-Eighth Edition
Cover Info:
The cover of the 2011
ARRL Handbook
highlights the joy of building – everything from test
equipment, to transmitters, to antennas and more.
Cover Photography:
Clockwise from lower left
corner: K6LRG antennas at sunset by Chris Tate,
N6WM; a microprocessor-controlled SWR monitor
– project and photo by Larry Coyle, K1QW (see
Chapter 24); a 4CX1000A tetrode RF power tube
(see Chapter 17); the MicroT2 SSB transmitter by
Rick Campbell, KK7B (see Chapter 13).
Published by:
ARRL
the national association for Amateur Radio
™
Newington, CT 06111 USA
Editor
H. Ward Silver, NØAX
Contributing Editors
Steven R. Ford, WB8IMY
Mark J. Wilson, K1RO
Editorial Assistant
Maty Weinberg, KB1EIB
Technical Consultants
Michael E. Gruber, W1MG
Edward F. Hare, Jr, W1RFI
Zachary H.J. Lau, W1VT
Cover Design
Sue Fagan, KB1OKW
Bob Inderbitzen, NQ1R
Production
Michelle Bloom, WB1ENT
Nancy G. Hallas, W1NCY
Elaine Lengyl
Jodi Morin, KA1JPA
David F. Pingree, N1NAS
Ed Vibert
Additional Contributors to the
2011 Edition
Bob Allison, WB1GCM
Alan Applegate, KØBG
Jim Brown, K9YC
Jeremy Campbell, KC8FEI
Kok Chen, W7AY
Larry Coyle, K1QW
Tim Duffy, K3LR
John Fitzsimmons, W3JN
Doug Grant, K1DG
Dale Grover, KD8KYZ
Joel R. Hallas, W1ZR
Roger Halstead, K8RI
Rick Hilding, K6VVA
Ron Hranac, NØIVN
Carl Leutzelschwab, K9LA
Jim Lux, W6RMK
Mike Martin, K3RFI
Ulrich Rohde, N1UL
Mark Steffka, WW8MW
Rich Strand, KL7RA
Jim Tonne, W4ENE
Paul Wade, W1GHZ
Ed Wetherhold, W3NQN
Gerald Youngblood, K5SDR
Copyright © 2010 by
The American Radio Relay League, Inc.
Copyright secured under the Pan-American
Convention
International Copyright secured
All rights reserved. No part of this work may
be reproduced in any form except by written
permission of the publisher. All rights of
translation are reserved.
Printed in the USA
Quedan reservados todos los derechos
ISBN: 978-0-87259-095-3 Softcover
ISBN: 978-0-87259-096-0 Hardcover
Eighty-Eighth Edition
Contents
A detailed Table of Contents is included at the beginning of each chapter.
1
2
3
InTroduCTIon
What is Amateur (Ham) radio?
1.1 Do-It-Yourself Wireless
1.2 Joining the Ham Radio Community
1.3 Assembling Your Station
1.4 Hello,
World! — Getting on the Air
1.5 Your Ham Radio “Lifestyle”
1.6 Public Service
1.7 Ham Radio in the Classroom
1.8 Resources
1.9 Glossary
FundAmenTAl THeory
electrical Fundamentals
2.1 Introduction to Electricity
2.2 Resistance and Conductance
2.3 Basic Circuit Principles
2.4 Power and Energy
2.5 Circuit Control Components
2.6 AC Theory and Waveforms
2.7 Capacitance and Capacitors
2.8 Inductance and Inductors
2.9 Working with Reactance
2.10 Impedance
2.11 Quality Factor (Q) of Components
2.12 Practical Inductors
2.13 Resonant Circuits
2.14 Transformers
2.15 Heat Management
2.16 Radio Mathematics
2.17 References and Bibliography
Analog Basics
3.1 Analog Signal Processing
3.2 Analog Devices
3.3 Practical Semiconductors
3.4 Analog Systems
3.5 Amplifiers
3.6 Operational Amplifiers
3.7 Analog-Digital Conversion
3.8 Miscellaneous Analog ICs
3.9 Analog Glossary
3.10 References and Bibliography
4
5
6
digital Basics
4.1 Digital vs Analog
4.2 Number Systems
4.3 Physical Representation of
Binary States
4.4 Combinational Logic
4.5 Sequential Logic
4.6 Digital Integrated Circuits
4.7 Microcontrollers
4.8 Personal Computer Interfacing
4.9 Glossary of Digital Electronics Terms
4.10 References and Bibliography
PrACTICAl desIgn And PrInCIPles
rF Techniques
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Lumped-Element versus
Distributed Characteristics
5.3 Effects of Parasitic Characteristics
5.4 Ferrite Materials
5.5 Semiconductor Circuits at RF
5.6 Impedance Matching Networks
5.7 RF Transformers
5.8 Noise
5.9 Two-Port Networks
5.10 RF Design Techniques Glossary
5.11 References and Further Reading
Computer-Aided Circuit design
6.1 Circuit Simulation Overview
6.2 Computer-Aided Design Examples
6.3 Limitations of Simulation at RF
6.4 CAD for PCB Design
6.5 References and Bibliography
7
8
9
Power supplies
7.1 The Need for Power Processing
7.2 AC-AC Power Conversion
7.3 Power Transformers
7.4 AC-DC Power Conversion
7.5 Voltage Multipliers
7.6 Current Multipliers
7.7 Rectifier Types
7.8 Power Filtering
7.9 Power Supply Regulation
7.10 “Crowbar” Protective Circuits
7.11 DC-DC Switchmode Power Conversion
7.12 High-Voltage Techniques
7.13 Batteries
7.14 Glossary of Power Supply Terms
7.15 Reference and Bibliography
7.16 Power Supply Projects
modulation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Analog Modulation
8.3 Digital Modulation
8.4 Image Modulation
8.5 Modulation Impairments
8.6 Modulation Glossary
8.7 References and Bibliography
oscillators and synthesizers
9.1 How Oscillators Work
9.2 Phase Noise
9.3 Oscillator Circuits and Construction
9.4 Designing an Oscillator
9.5 Quartz Crystals in Oscillators
9.6 Oscillators at UHF and Above
9.7 Frequency Synthesizers
9.8 Present and Future Trends in
Oscillator Application
9.9 Glossary of Oscillator and
Synthesizer Terms
9.10 References and Bibliography
mixers, modulators and demodulators
10.1 The Mechanism of Mixers and Mixing
10.2 Mixers and Amplitude Modulation
10.3 Mixers and Angle Modulation
10.4 Putting Mixers, Modulators and
Demodulators to Work
10.5 A Survey of Common Mixer Types
10.6 References and Bibliography
rF and AF Filters
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Filter Basics
11.3 Lumped-Element Filters
11.4 Filter Design Examples
11.5 Active Audio Filters
11.6 Quartz Crystal Filters
11.7 SAW Filters
12
13
14
15
16
11.8 Transmission Line Filters
11.9 Helical Resonators
11.10 Use of Filters at VHF and UHF
11.11 Filter Projects
11.12 Filter Glossary
11.13 References and Bibliography
receivers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Basics of Heterodyne Receivers
12.3 The Superheterodyne Receiver
12.4 Superhet Receiver Design Details
12.5 Control and Processing Outside the
Primary Signal Path
12.6 Pulse Noise Reduction
12.7 VHF and UHF Receivers
12.8 UHF Techniques
12.9 References and Bibliography
Transmitters
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Early Transmitter Architectures
13.3 Modulation Types and Methods
Applied to Transmitter Design
13.4 Modern Baseband Processing
13.5 Increasing Transmitter Power
13.6 Transmitter Performance and
Measurement
13.7 References and Bibliography
Transceivers
14.1 The Transceiver Appears
14.2 Early SSB Transceiver Architecture
Capabilities
14.4 Selecting an HF Transceiver
14.5 Transceivers With VHF/UHF Coverage
14.6 Transceiver Control and Interconnection
14.7 Transceiver Projects
14.8 References
dsP and software radio design
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Typical DSP System Block Diagram
15.3 Digital Signals
15.4 Digital Filters
15.5 Miscellaneous DSP Algorithms
15.6 Analytic Signals and Modulation
15.7 Software-Defined Radios (SDR)
15.8 Glossary
15.9 References and Bibliography
digital modes
16.1 Digital “Modes”
16.2 Unstructured Digital Modes
16.3 Fuzzy Modes
16.4 Structured Digital Modes
16.5 Networking Modes
16.6 Glossary
16.7 References and Bibliography
10
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