Introduction to Public Speakingweb 1.pdf

(1156 KB) Pobierz
Public Speaking: The Virtual Text
introduction to public speaking
chapter 1
By Lisa Schreiber, Ph.D. and Morgan Hartranft
Millersville University, Millersville, PA
Public Speaking: The Virtual Text
Humans’ ability to communicate
using formalized systems of language
sets us apart from other living creatures
on the Earth. Whether these language
conventions make us superior to other
creatures is debatable, but there is no
question that overall, the most
successful and most powerful people
over the centuries have mastered the
ability to communicate effectively. In
fact, the skill of speaking is so
important that it has been formally
taught for thousands of years (see
Chapter 2 “The Origins of Public
Speaking” by DeCaro).
The ironic feature of public speaking
is that while we recognize that it is an
important skill to have, many of us do
not like or want to give speeches. You
may be reading this book because it
was assigned to you in a class, or you
may be reading it because you have to
give a speech in your personal or
professional life. If you are reading
this book because you like public
speaking or you have a burning desire
to learn more about it, you’re in the
minority.
The good news about public
speaking is that although it may not be
on the top of the list of our favorite
activities,
anyone
can learn to give
effective presentations. You don’t have
to look like a Hollywood star and you
don’t have to use fancy words to be a
successful speaker. What is important
is that the audience understands you
and remembers what you have to say.
By learning and using the techniques
provided in this book, you will discover
how to create engaging speeches and
present them using your own delivery
style.
introduction
chapter objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be
able to:
1.
Articulate at least three
reasons why public
speaking skills are
important.
2. Describe the difference
between the linear and
the transactional model of
communication.
3. List, define, and give an
example of each of the
components of
communication.
4. Differentiate between the
major types of speeches
5.
Identify the eleven core
public speaking
competencies.
6.
Apply chapter concepts in
final questions and
activities.
The purpose of this chapter is to
familiarize readers with the basic
concepts of communication and public
speaking. The chapter begins with a
description of the personal,
professional, and public benefits of
learning more about public speaking.
Then the transactional model of
communication is introduced along
with the fundamental components of
the communication process. Next,
readers will learn about different types
of speeches and the occasions for
which they would be presented. The
chapter ends with an overview of
eleven primary public speaking
competencies.
Introduction
Benefits of Public Speaking
o
Personal
o
Professional
o
Public
Models of Communication
o
Linear
o
Transactional
Elements of the Communication
Process
o
Encoding and Decoding
o
Communicator
o
Message
o
Channel
o
Noise
o
Worldview
o
Context
Types of Speeches
Speaking Competencies
o
Useful Topic
o
Engaging Introduction
o
Clear Organization
o
Well-Supported Ideas
o
Closure in Conclusion
o
Clear and Vivid Language
o
Suitable Vocal Expression
o
Corresponding Nonverbals
o
Adapted to the Audience
o
Adept Use of Visual Aids
o
Convincing Persuasion
Conclusion
Review Questions and Activities
Glossary
References
chapter outline
Wherever I go meeting the
public... spreading a message
of human values, spreading a
message of harmony, is the
most important thing.
~Dalai Lama
©2013 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
PDF documents prepared by Lisa Schreiber. Document layout by Donna Painter Graphics.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Public Speaking
www.publicspeakingproject.org
fulfill essential roles in our family and
community.
Another great personal benefit of
public speaking is that it builds self-
confidence. It’s no surprise that
speaking in public is scary, but by
engaging in the activity you will build
self-confidence through the experience.
Chapter 11, “Speaking with
Confidence” by Grapsy ( in this book)
will give you advice on how to
minimize speech apprehension, and the
advice can be used in many other social
situations as well.
According to the Association of
American Colleges and Universities,
there are a core set of skills that are
necessary “both for a globally engaged
democracy and for a dynamic-
innovation fueled economy” (Rhodes,
2010, p. 10). In the category of
“Intellectual and practical skills”
public speaking
is listed as one of
these core skills. This is not
particularly surprising given that
communication skills are critical for
intellectual development, career
trajectory, and civic engagement.
Public speaking is universally
applicable to all types of majors and
occupations and is seen by U.S.
employers as a critical employability
skill for job seekers (Rockler-Gladen,
2009; U.S. Department of Labor,
2000). No matter what your ambitions
and interests are, developing speaking
skills will benefit your personal,
professional, and public life.
People don’t just give presentations
on the job and in classes. At times we
are called upon to give speeches in our
personal lives. It may be for a special
event, such as a toast at a wedding. We
may be asked to give a eulogy at a
funeral for a friend or loved one. As a
part of volunteer work, one may have
to introduce a guest speaker at an event
or present or accept an award for
service. Chapter 17, “Special Occasion
Speaking” by Scholl will help you to
prepare for these brief but important
speeches. Developing the skill to give
these types of speeches can help us to
personal
benefits of public speaking
Action is a great restorer and
builder of confidence.
Inaction is not only the result,
but the cause, of fear.
Perhaps the action you take
will be successful; perhaps
different action or
adjustments will have to
follow. But any action is
better than no action at all.
~ Norman Vincent Peale
professional
But before you even start a career,
you have to get a job. Effective
speaking skills make you more
attractive to employers, enhancing your
chances of securing employment and
later advancing within your career.
Employers, career counselors, and the
National Association of Colleges and
Employers (NACE) all list good
communication skills at the top of the
list of qualities sought in potential
employees. According to NACE’s
executive director, Marilyn Mackes, the
Job Outlook 2013 Report found that
employers are looking for people who
can communicate effectively (Koncz &
Allen, 2012). Monster.com advises,
“articulating thoughts clearly and
concisely will make a difference in
both a job interview and subsequent job
performance” (McKay, 2005).
public
TV announcers, teachers, lawyers,
and entertainers must be able to speak
well, but most other professions require
or at the very least can benefit from the
skills found in public speaking.
It is believed 70% of jobs today
involve some form of public speaking
(Aras, 2012). With the recent
economic shift from manufacturing to
service careers, the ability to
communicate with others has become
crucial. Top CEOs advise that great
leaders must be able to communicate
ideas effectively, they must be able to
persuade, build support, negotiate and
speak effectively in public (Farrell,
2011). The chapters on “Informative
Speaking” and “Persuasive Speaking”
can help readers understand how to
write presentations that enhance their
leadership skills.
Learning about public speaking will
allow you to participate in democracy
at its most basic level. Public speaking
is important in creating and sustaining a
society, which includes informed,
active participants. Even if you do not
plan to run for office, learning about
public speaking helps you to listen
more carefully to and critically evaluate
other’s speeches. In fact the “Listening
Effectively” and “Critical Thinking and
Reasoning” chapters in this book by
Goddu and Russ will help you to
develop those skills. Listening and
critical thinking allow you to
understand public dilemmas, form an
opinion about them, and participate in
resolving them. The progress of the
past century involving segregation,
1-2
Chapter 1 Introduction to Public Speaking
www.publicspeakingproject.org
women’s rights and environmental
protection are the result of people
advancing new ideas and speaking out
to others to persuade them to adopt
changes.
It should be clear by now that public
speaking happens all around us in many
segments of our lives. However, to
truly understand what is happening
within these presentations, we need to
take a step back and look at some of the
key components of the communication
process.
linear model of communication
models of communication
The first theoretical model of
communication was proposed in 1949
by Shannon and Weaver for Bell
Laboratories (Shannon & Weaver,
1949). This three-part model was
intended to capture the radio and
television transmission process.
However it was later adapted to human
communication and is now known as
the linear model of communication.
The first part of the model is the
sender, and this is the person who is
speaking. The second part of the model
is the channel, which is the apparatus
for carrying the message (i.e., the
phone or T.V.). The third part of the
model is the receiver, and this is the
person who picks up the message. In
this model, communication is seen as a
one-way process of transmitting a
message from one person to another
person. This model can be found in
Figure 1.1.
If you think about situations when
you communicate with another person
face-to-face or when you give a speech,
you probably realize that this model is
inadequate – communication is much
more complicated than firing off a
message to others.
transactional model of
communication
Models of communication have
evolved significantly since Shannon
and Weaver first proposed their well-
known conceptual model over sixty
years ago. One of the most useful
models for understanding public
speaking is Barnlund’s (2008)
transactional model of communication.
In the transactional model,
communication is seen as an ongoing,
circular process. We are constantly
affecting and are affected by those we
communicate with. The transactional
model has a number of interdependent
processes and components, including
the encoding and decoding processes,
the communicator, the message, the
channel and noise. Although not
directly addressed in Barnlund’s (2008)
original transactional model,
participants’ worldviews and the
context also play an important role in
the communication process. See Figure
1.2 on the next page for an illustration.
your new apartment, you would picture
in your mind the landscape, streets and
buildings, and then you would select
the best words that describe the route
so your aunt could find you.
Decoding
is the reverse process of
listening
to words, thinking about
them, and turning those words into
mental images. If your aunt were
trying to find her way to your
apartment, she would listen to your
words, associate these words with
streets and landmarks that she knows,
and then she would form a mental map
of the way to get to you. Ramsey’s
“Using Language Well” (Chapter 10)
provides additional insight into the
encoding and decoding process.
The term
communicator
refers to all
of the people in the interaction or
speech setting. It is used instead of
sender and receiver, because when we
are communicating with other people
we are not only sending a message, we
are receiving messages from others
simultaneously. When we speak, we
observe others’
nonverbal behavior
to
see if they understand us and we gauge
their emotional state. The information
we gain from these observations is
known as feedback. Over the
telephone, we listen to paralinguistic
cues, such as pitch, tone, volume and
fillers (i.e., “um,” “uh,” “er,” “like,”
and so on). This means that
1-3
communicator
He who would learn to fly
one day must first learn to
stand and walk and run and
climb and dance; one cannot
fly into flying.
~ Friedrich Nietzsche
elements of the
communication process
encoding and decoding
Encoding
refers to the process of
taking an idea or mental image,
associating that image with words, and
then speaking those words in order to
convey a message. So, if you wanted
to explain to your aunt the directions to
Chapter 1 Introduction to Public Speaking
www.publicspeakingproject.org
communication is not a one-way
process. Even in a public speaking
situation, we watch and listen to
audience members’ responses. If
audience members are interested, agree,
and understand us, they may lean
forward in their seats, nod their heads,
have positive or neutral facial
expressions, and provide favorable
vocal cues (such as laughter, “That’s
right,” “Uh huh,” or “Amen!”). If
audience members are bored, disagree,
or are confused by our message, they
may be texting or looking away from
us, shake their heads, have unhappy or
confused expressions on their faces, or
present oppositional vocal cues (like
groans, “I don’t think so,” “That
doesn’t make sense,” or “You’re
crazy!”). Thus, communication is
always a transactional process – a give
and take of messages.
message
The
message
involves those verbal
and nonverbal behaviors, enacted by
communicators, that are interpreted
with meaning by others. The verbal
portion of the message refers to the
words that we speak, while the
nonverbal portion includes our tone of
voice and other non-vocal components
such as personal appearance, posture,
gestures and body movements, eye
behavior, the way we use space, and
even the way that we smell. For
instance, the person who gets up to
speak wearing a nice suit will be
interpreted more positively than a
person giving the exact same speech
wearing sweats and a graphic t-shirt.
Or if a speaker tries to convince others
to donate to a charity that builds wells
in poor African villages using a
monotone voice, she will not be as
effective as the speaker who gives the
same speech but speaks with a solemn
tone of voice. If there is ever a conflict
between the verbal and the non-verbal
aspects of a message, people will
generally believe the nonverbal portion
of the message. To test this, tighten
your muscles, clench your fists at your
sides, pull your eye brows together,
purse your lips, and tell someone in a
harsh voice, “NO, I’m NOT angry!”
See if they believe your words or your
nonverbal behavior.
The message can also be intentional
or unintentional. When the message is
intentional, this means that we have an
image in our mind that we wish to
communicate to an audience or a
person in a conversation, and we can
successfully convey the image from our
mind to others’ minds with relative
accuracy. An unintentional message is
sent when the message that we wish to
convey is not the same as the message
1-4
Chapter 1 Introduction to Public Speaking
www.publicspeakingproject.org
the other person receives. Let’s say
you are returning from an outing with
your significant other and she or he
asks, “Did you have a good time?”
You
did
have a good time but are
distracted by a T.V. commercial when
asked, so you reply in a neutral tone,
“Sure, I had fun.” Your significant
other may interpret your apathetic tone
of voice and lack of eye contact to
mean that you did not enjoy the
evening, when in fact you actually did.
Thus as communicators, we cannot
always be sure that the message we
wish to communicate is interpreted as
we intended.
The
channel
is very simply the
means through which the message
travels. In face-to-face communication
the channel involves all of our senses,
so the channel is what we see, hear,
touch, smell and perhaps what we taste.
When we're communicating with
someone online, the channel is the
computer; when texting the channel is
the cell phone; and when watching a
movie on cable, the channel is the TV.
The channel can have a profound
impact on the way a message is
interpreted. Listening to a recording of
a speaker does not have the same
psychological impact as listening to the
same speech in person or watching that
channel
person on television. One famous
example of this is the 1960 televised
presidential debate between John F.
Kennedy and Richard Nixon.
According to History.com (2012), on
camera, Nixon looked away from the
camera at the reporters asking him
questions, he was sweating and pale, he
had facial hair stubble, and he wore a
grey suit that faded into the set
background. “Chicago mayor Richard
J. Daley reportedly said [of Nixon],
‘My God, they've embalmed him
before he even died” (History.com,
2012). Kennedy, on the other hand,
looked into the camera, was tanned,
wore a dark suit that made him stand
out from the background, and appeared
to be calm after spending the entire
weekend with aides practicing in a
hotel room. Most of those who
listened to the radio broadcast of the
debate felt that it was a tie or that
Nixon had won, while 70% of those
watching the televised debate felt that
Kennedy was the winner.
The next aspect of the model of
communication is noise.
Noise
refers
to anything that interferes with
message transmission or reception
(i.e., getting the image from your
head into others’ heads). There are
several different types of noise. The
noise
first type of noise is
physiological
noise,
and this refers to bodily
processes and states that interfere with
a message. For instance, if a speaker
has a headache or the flu, or if audience
members are hot or they're hungry,
these conditions may interfere with
message accuracy. The second type of
noise is psychological noise.
Psychological noise
refers to mental
states or emotional states that impede
message transmission or reception. For
example, if someone has just broken up
with a significant other, or if they're
worried about their grandmother who is
in the hospital, or if they are thinking
about their shopping list, this may
interfere with communication processes
as well. The third type of noise is
actual
physical noise,
and this would
be simply the actual sound level in a
room. Loud music playing at a party, a
number of voices of people talking
excitedly, a lawnmower right outside
the window, or anything that is overly
loud will interfere with communication.
The last type of noise is cultural noise.
Cultural noise
refers to message
interference that results from
differences in peoples’ worldviews.
Worldview is discussed in more detail
below, but suffice it to say that the
greater the difference in worldview, the
more difficult it is to understand one
another and communicate effectively.
worldview
Most people don’t give a lot of
thought to the communication process.
In the majority of our interactions with
others, we are operating on automatic
pilot. Although the encoding and
decoding process may appear to be
1-5

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika:

Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin