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IntroductoryLessons Aramaic:Introduction
Introduction
for
in
The following pages intended any individualwho is interested learning
are
It
I
for
of
thebasics BiblicalAramaic. is based lessons created an introductory
on
in
whereI teach. should
It
class Aramaicat thelJniversity Michigan,
of
be
considered work in progress.
a
Partof the fundingfor the onlineversion the lessons provided a grant
was
of
by
from the Lecturers'
Professional
Development
Fund.
Althoughtherearemanygrammars providean introduction Biblical
that
to
purports be an introduction presumes prior
Aramaic,
only oneof these
no
to
that
knowledge another
language. grammar,
of
This
FranzRosenthal's,4
Semitic
o.f
for
Grammar BiblicalAramaic,is useful,
especially the graduate
student.
grammar
However,
Rosenthal's
depends muchon a reader
too
beingfamiliarwith
phonological grammatical
principles serve a helpful
technical
and
to
as
introduction the student reader
to
or
who haslittle familiaritywith otherlanguages,
(For
languages. example,
especially
Semitic
within the first l0 pages the
of
grirmmar
proper,thereareseveral
references "spirantization,"
to
thoughno
grammar
description whatthis is.) Furthermore,
of
Rosenthal's
doesnot include
gramma"rs do includeexercises students presume
anyexercises.
Those
that
for
all
(see, example,
thatthe student a prior knowledge BiblicalHebrew
has
of
for
AndrewE. Steinmann's
Fundamental
BiblicolAramaic,Frederick
E.
An
Greenspahn's Introduction Aramaic,andAlger F. Johns's ShortGrammor
to
A
of BiblicalAramaic).
I havetriedto render sometimes
the
obscure
descriptions comprehensible
as
as
possible readers
to
with little experience grammar linguistics. this
with
For
and
reason, explanations seem
the
may
redundant those
for
with a knowledge
of
linguistics
and/or
otherlanguages. is especially for the descriptions the
This
true
of
pronunciation Aramaic.It is hopedthat afterhavinggonethroughthe following
of
lessons, student
the
will, should or shesodesire,
he
moveon to moresophisticated
grammars, Rosenthal's, linguisticsummaries Stuart
like
or
like
Creason's The
in
Cambridge
Encyclopedia the World'sAncientLanguages.
of
Oneothercaveat: last several
the
lessons on the student learnvocabulary
rely
to
on
passages lookingup wordsin the glossary.
his or herown,by reading
and
This
mimicsthe situation onewill be facedwith whensittinsdownwith theBible
that
andan Aramaicdictionarv.
Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond
Preliminaries:
Some
Thealphabet is used represent western
that
to
the
Aramaiclanguage
in
publications onethatis identical the alphabet
contemporary
is
to
usedto represent
Hebrew,
bothclassical modern. originsof this alphabet interesting,
and
The
are
though describe
to
these
originswouldtaketoo muchspace
here.Sufficeit to say
thatthe alphabet its origin is Aramaic, is oftendescribed "AramaicBlock
in
and
as
Script."For thisreason, will simplyreferto the alphabet theAramaicalphabet.
I
as
Thisalphabet, anywriting system, be represented Romanletters
like
(that
can
with
is, thealphabet we useto write English).
that
Thisprocess turningthe Aramaic
of
alphabet Romanletters calledtransliteration.
into
is
Thus,for example, Biblical
the
Aramaicword for king is represented theAramaicalphabet :l?F, *d in the
in
as
Roman
alphabet melek.(Aod,of course, Roman
as
the
alphabet not special
is
in
this;the Aramaicalphabet alsorepresent otherwriting system. the
can
any
So,
Englishword "king" canbe hansliterated the Aramaicalphabet:
into
llj?.)
This actof transliteration an advantage
is
it
because allowsus to moreeasily
represent
Aramaic
programs in emailmessages.
wordsin word-processing
and
It
alsohelpsto indicate
whatthe pronunciation theword wouldbe.And, especially
of
important a grammar, forces student choose
for
it
the
to
multiplepossible
between
pronunciations, thusto demonstrate muchof the grammar or he has
and
how
she
absorbed.
Transliteration not aim to represent
does
explicitlyhow the word should
be
pronounced. operates a series conventions haveto be learned.
It
by
of
that
Sometimes transliteration a word will represent
the
of
marksthataregraphically
present the Aramaicword,but arenot pronounced. example, the Aramaic
in
For
in
"he
wordthatcorresponds theEnglishphrase let you know,":JV-'l.l;'T
to
h6*,{e'ek,
the superscript in thetransliteration not pronounced indicates presence
w
is
but
the
of whatcanbe described a "vowel-marker."
as
Representationspronunciation be madein several
of
can
ways.I will represent
pronunciations
with recognizable
Romanletterswithin slashmarks:/ /. This is for
the sakeof makingthe pronunciations
readilycomprehensible thebeginner.
for
A
morescientific
method to usetheInternational
is
Phonetic
Alphabet;
with its many
curious
symbols signs
and
this is sometimes
confusing non-specialists.
for
Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond
Abbreviations
For PerfectandImperfectVerbalForms
3ms third person
masculine
singular
3fs third person
femininesingular
person
2ms second
masculine
singular
person
2fs second
feminine
singular
lcs
first person
common
singular
plural
3mp thirdperson
masculine
plural
3fp thirdperson
feminine
person
plural
2mp second
masculine
person
plural
2fp second
feminine
lcp
plural
first person
common
For Imperatives Participles
and
m.s. masculine
singular
f.s. feminine
sinzular
plural
m.p. masculine
plural
f.p. ferninine
ForNouns
sing. singular
pl. plural
Introductory Lessonsin Aramqic by Eric D. Reymond
Bibliography
Bartelt,Andrew H. and Andrew E. Steinmann.
FundamentalBiblical Hebrew/
FundamentalBiblical Aramaic. St. Louis: Concordia,20A4.
Bauer,Hans and PontusLeander.GrammatikdesBiblisch-Aramciischen.Halle:
Max Niemeyer, 1927
.
Biblia Hebroica Stuttgartensia.3'o
Edition. Eds. A. Alt, et al. Stuttgart:Deutsche
Bibelgesellschaft,
1987
.
Brown, Francisand S.R.Driver and CharlesA. Briggs. TheBrown-Driver-Briggs
Hebrew and English Lexicon: With an Appendix Containing the Biblical
Aramaic.Houghton,
Mifflin, 1906.
Creason,
Stuart."Aramaic." In The CambridgeEncyclopediaof the World's
AncientLanguages. RogerD. Woodard.Cambridge:
Ed.
Cambridge
University,2004,391-426
.
FrederickE. An Introduction to Aramaic.2noEdition. Atlanta: Society
Greenspahn,
of Biblical Literature.
2003.
Alger F. A ShortGrammarof Biblical Aranaic. BerrienSprings,
Johns,
Mich.:
Andrews University, 197
2.
Rosenthal,Franz. Grammar of Biblical Aramaic. Th Edition. Wiesbaden:
A
Harrassowitz,2006.
Stevenson,
William B. Gramntar of Palestinian
JewishAramaic. Oxford: Oxford
University,1924.
Waltke, Bruce and Michael O'Connor.An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Swfiax.
WiononaLake.Ind.: Eisenbrauns.
1990.
Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond
1:
Lesson Consonants
form,
with their transliterated
The consonants Aramaicaregivenhere,together
of
pronunciation:
(and
name, approximate conventional)
and
N
'
'aleph
in
pronounced thepause
like
between
syllables the
.
pronunciation "sweater" "better" lswe'erl,
or
of
Cockney
lbe'erl
by
it
Conventionally is not pronounced Englishspeakers.
3)
Lesson
lbl (or lvl, see
are
lgl (or lghl,butthe
two sounds not
shed)
conventionally
distingui
ld/ (or ldh/,thesoundof th in the pronunciation
of theEnglishword "that")
this
lwl or /v/ Somepeoplepronounce letterllke lwl,
which
decide
like
should
others lvl. A student
pronounciation or he is comfortable
with and
she
pronounce
way.
everywawin the same
lzl
pronunciation "Bach"or asin
of
lcW,asin the German
(or,
of
thepronounciation the Yiddishword "Chutzpah"
"Hutzpah").
is
no
conventionally distinction
emphatic though
t,
madein pronunciation
between t andthe tow,listed
this
below.
lyl
3)
lW (or /ch/,seeLesson
l\l
lml
lnl
lsl
no approximate
soundin English,somesaylike
just
the sound beforevomiting,somesaylike the
to
up,
sound a camelgetting bothof which seem
of
reflecta biasagainst phoneme.
this
it
Conventionally, is not pronounced.
f
)
'1
b
g
d
beth
gimmel
doleth
nhhethl
''l
w
wow
I
n
z
h
zayin
het
fl
'
:
,
n
)
D
lJ
t
tet
y
k
I
m
n
s
'
yodh
kaph
lomed
mem
nun
samekh
'ayin
Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond

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