Global_Threat_assessment.pdf

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Financial Action Task Force
Groupe d’action financière
FATF Report
Global
Money Laundering &
Terrorist Financing
Threat Assessment
A view of how and why criminals and terrorists abuse finances,
the effect of this abuse and the steps to mitigate these threats.
July 2010
THE FINANCIAL ACTION TASK FORCE (FATF)
The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an independent inter-governmental body that develops and promotes
policies to protect the global financial system against money laundering and terrorist financing.
Recommendations issued by the FATF define criminal justice and regulatory measures that should be
implemented to counter this problem. These Recommendations also include international co-operation and
preventive measures to be taken by financial institutions and others such as casinos, real estate dealers,
lawyers and accountants. The FATF Recommendations are recognised as the global anti-money
laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CFT) standard.
For more information about the FATF, please visit the website:
WWW.FATF-GAFI.ORG
© 2010 FATF/OECD. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or translation of this publication may be made without prior written permission.
Applications for such permission, for all or part of this publication, should be made to
the FATF Secretariat, 2 rue André Pascal 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France
(fax +33 1 44 30 61 37 or e-mail: contact@fatf-gafi.org).
Global Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Threat Assessment
FOREWORD
I have pleasure in publishing the first Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Global Money Laundering and
Terrorist Financing Threat Assessment (GTA). This document presents a global overview of the systemic
money laundering (ML) and terrorist financing (TF) threats and ultimate harms that they can cause.
Since 1989, the FATF has led efforts to adopt and implement measures designed to counter the abuse of
the international financial system by criminals. The FATF established these measures or
“Recommendations” in 1990 and has revised them periodically so that they remain up to date and relevant
to the evolving threats posed by money launderers and terrorist financiers. The measures set out the basic
framework for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) efforts. In
developing the measures, the FATF has examined ML/TF techniques and trends through typologies studies
to identify current and emerging threats to the financial system.
The FATF has published over 20 typologies reports examining various thematic and sectoral areas
vulnerable to ML/TF. This work is ongoing because typologies need to be re-assessed to reflect changes in
the financial and trade systems that criminals and terrorists may take advantage of, as well as the evolution
of the techniques they may develop over time to subvert control mechanisms. The FATF has recently
intensified its surveillance of the systemic ML/TF threats to enhance its ability to identify, prioritise and
act on these threats. The GTA represents new thinking about these threats.
The GTA provides a view of the most prevalent ML/TF threats which have been identified over the years
as causing harm. Much of this information has been derived from studies of ML/TF techniques and
methods conducted by the FATF, FATF-Style Regional Bodies (FSRBs) and by jurisdictions themselves.
By laying out the information in this way, the GTA also provides a framework that can be used by
jurisdictions for tackling these threats.
This document has been produced by a diverse project team comprising members from law enforcement
and other agencies responsible for identifying and combating ML/TF from many jurisdictions. It therefore
represents an endeavour never attempted before globally.
There are over 180 countries throughout the world which are engaged with the FATF in taking action to
minimise the threats of ML/TF. Over the years, much has been done by governments and
intergovernmental, multi-lateral organisations, the private sector and academics to understand what it takes
to make it more difficult for money launderers and financiers of terrorism to operate. However, the
problem of ML/TF remains and requires ongoing efforts. Notably, greater efforts should be given to
implementing measures aimed at detecting and taking enforcement actions against individuals and
organisations who conduct these serious illegal activities.
I hope that this assessment will raise the level of understanding of the threats that ML/TF can pose and the
negative impact that result, and help governments to take decisive action to minimise those harms. More
importantly, I hope it will provide information to governments, the private sector and international policy-
makers that will help to better manage scarce resources and take more focused action against ML/TF.
Paul Vlaanderen
FATF President, 2009-2010
© 2010 FATF/OECD
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Global Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Threat Assessment
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© 2010 FATF/OECD
Global Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Threat Assessment
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................7
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
1.8.
1.9.
The FATF on Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing......................................................7
The Strategic Surveillance Initiative ........................................................................................8
FATF Global Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Threat Assessment (GTA) .........10
The GTA Framework .............................................................................................................10
Using the GTA Framework as a Tool ....................................................................................11
The Overall Harms .................................................................................................................12
The GTA and the Global Financial Crisis ..............................................................................12
Key Terms ..............................................................................................................................13
Sources of Information ...........................................................................................................13
CHAPTER 2: THE ABUSE OF CASH AND BEARER NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS..........15
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
Introduction ............................................................................................................................15
Major Sources of Proceeds .....................................................................................................16
The Sub-Features....................................................................................................................16
2.3.1. Cash Movement and Smuggling................................................................................16
2.3.2. Placement (including Third Party Accounts) ............................................................18
2.3.3. Cash Intensive Businesses .........................................................................................20
CHAPTER 3: THE ABUSE OF TRANSFER OF VALUE .............................................................23
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
Introduction ............................................................................................................................23
Major Sources of Proceeds .....................................................................................................23
The Sub-Features....................................................................................................................24
3.3.1. The Banking System..................................................................................................24
3.3.2. Money Transfer Businesses and Alternative Remittance Systems ............................26
3.3.3. The International Trade System (including Trade Based Money Laundering) .........29
3.3.4. Third Party Business Structures, Charities and Other Legal Entities ........................31
3.3.5. Retail Payment Systems and the ATM Network (including New Payment
Methods) ....................................................................................................................34
CHAPTER 4: THE ABUSE OF ASSETS/STORES OF VALUE ...................................................37
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
Introduction ............................................................................................................................37
Major Sources of Proceeds .....................................................................................................37
Overall Measures....................................................................................................................37
The Sub-Features....................................................................................................................38
4.4.1. Financial Products (including Insurance, Investment, Saving Products, etc.)...........38
4.4.2. Moveable Goods........................................................................................................40
4.4.3. Real Estate (Ownership and Leasing of Land and Buildings) ...................................42
CHAPTER 5: THE ABUSE OF GATEKEEPERS ..........................................................................44
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
Introduction ............................................................................................................................44
Major Sources of Proceeds .....................................................................................................44
The Sub-Features....................................................................................................................45
5.3.1. Professionals and Insiders .........................................................................................45
5.3.2. Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs) ..........................................................................47
© 2010 FATF/OECD
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