War Machine - N 14.pdf

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Volume2
Issue
14
Managing Editor:
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Editorial
:
Trisha Palmer
Chris
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Chris Chant
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MoD,4VIQD.
(ivF
Ief
Aircraff
of
llVorld\lhrll
Whilst
piston-engined afucraft fought
out
World
War
II,
afuctaft
and
engine
desigmets
were
hard
at
work
to
harness
the new
jet
aztd
rocket propulsion
and to
perfect
its
use
for
fighting aircraft.
The resalts of
their labouts
were
varied,
but
the
tecfurological
advances were
great.
Although combat
by jet-propelled
alrcraft
during World War
II
was
iimited
to the final year of the conllict, and then undertaken only
by
D
espite
the
j
Mustang.
ett
obwous
speed
advantages, several were
engaged
and
shot
down
by
Allied
piston-
engined
fighters. Here
a
Messerschmitt Me
262
is
caught
by
the
canera-grun
of
a
USAAF
P-5
I
1944,
narrowly pre-dating
the
first
RAF Gloster
Meteors. Moreover
the
rocket-powered Me
163
proved
to
be the fastest
of any combat
aircraft produced during the
war.
The
build-up
of German
Me
262s
(as
wetl
as
He
162s
and
Arado
Ar
234s)
far
outstripped
the somewhat tentative introduction
of
the British
dwing
the
summer
of
jet
reaction
was
potentially the
most
efficient of all aircraft
propulsion
systems
had existed
for
some
15
years beforehand.
In
Germany
ex-
ploitation
of this
knowledge had
shown greatest promise, through the
ellorts of F.W. Sander and Fritz von Opei
wlth
solid-fuel
rocket
power,
Paul Schmidt
with
pulse jets and Dr
Hans
von Ohain
with
the
gas
turbine,
a-11
of
whom had
either
achieved
limited jet reaction-powered flight or
were
on
the threshold
of
doing
so
when
war broke
out
in
September
1939.
German
(and
to
a
much lesser
extent
British)
aircraft,
the
knowledge
that
Meteor,
all
reliance on
operational
jet
engine
development belng
In the
UK
work
had progressed under the leadership of
Frank
placed
on
the Rolls-Royce
Welland
(a
direct development
of
the
Whittle
engine).
The
USA,
on the
other
hand,
scarcely achieved
any
progress in
the
field until
in
]941
Whittle
technologry was
provided by
the
UK,
only
managing to
fly
the Bell
P-59
Airacomet and Lockheed
P-80 Shooting
Star,
neither
of
which reached
operational statru
before
the
war's
end.
Whittle, with
no
more
than
very little commercial support,
but
elsewhere
in
the
world
there
was
scarcely
any
interest
in
jet
propulsion.
Germany was the first
to
fly
an
air-breathing jet
aircraft, the
Heinkel
He
178,
which took
to
the air under
its
own
power
for the
first time
on
27
Augmst
1939.
Next to
fly a let'
was
ltaly with
its crude ducted
fan-jet
Caproni-Campini
NI
which flew
in Augrust 1940
While
the ]talian effort
proved
to be
dead-ended, the
Germans
moved
steadill'forward
to-
wards operational realism
as
other
manufacturerswere encouraged into
the
jet
propulsion
field by
the development
of
viable
powerplants
pro-
duced notably
by
Heinkel
and
Junkers.
Meanwhile
in the UK Frank
Whittle, with
slowly increasing
practical
assistance
and eventual opportunist domination
by
Rolls-Royce, Rover,
de Havilland and others, succeeded in
producing
a gas
turbine
which,
as
the Power
Jets
W. l, first
flew
in the Gloster
E.28l39 ih
May
l94l.
But
the
two-year lead gnined by Germany proved
unassailable and,
despite the
demise
of
the
Heinkel
He
280
as
a
potential combat aircraft, enabled the
Lu-ftwaffe
to
achieve operational
stahrs
with
its Messerschmitt
Me
262
Japan,
like
Germany,
franticaiiy
sought
to
combat
the
growing
menace
to its
homeland from
the
USA's
air
onslaught
and received
technicai
assistance
from Germany. It managed
to
fly
a tvvin-jet
fighter,
the Nakajrma
Kikka (modelled
on
the
Me
262),
before
the
end
of
the
war
and also
the rocket-powered
Yokosuka Ohka
suicide
aircraft,
Nevertheless,
despite
eEowing
awareness
in
the
UK
and
USA
of the
enormous
potentral
of
the
jet
engine,
the Allies
were
astounded
to
discover the advances made
by
Germany when they came
to
examine
the
spoils
of
war
in
1945.
Much
of the
technology had already
dis-
appeared
eastwards, however, and here, much underestimated
by
the
Western Allies,
the
wartime momentum gained by
the Soviet Union
was
able
to
accommodate the great technical strides into
its
post-war plans
for
world
military
superiority.
A
rare
colour picture
of
an
early Gloster Meteor Mk I
carrying
the
persona,l
code
s of
G
roup
C
aptain
H.
J.
Wilson,
commander
ot
the
R
AF
H
igh
S
peed
Flight, who
later went
on to
capture
the
world
absolufe
speedrecord
in
a
modified Meteor
in N
ovember
I
945.
GEBMANY
Arado
Ar
234
The
worlds
first
turbolet-powered
bomber,
the
Arado
Ar
234
Blitz (hght-
ilng)
was
originally
conceived as
a
:r,rn-je+
high-speed
reconnaissance
aircrait late
in
1940,
Delayed by
slow
iehvery
of
the Junkers
004B,
the
Ar
234
V
1
prototype
was not first
flown
until
15
June
1943;
thrs
aircraft featured
an
auriliary trolley, which
was
jettisoned
:n
take-off,
in
piace of
conventronal
larding
gear, Further prototypes
fol-
.c'rved,
includrng
the
Ar
234
V6
and
Ar
234
V8 whrch
were
powered
by
fow
330-kq (1,764-lb)
thrust BMW
003A-1
--rrbojets,
When productron finally started, it
,tas of the
twin-jet
Ar
2348
which
fea-
:jJed
conventronal nosewheel landing
k
Specification
2348-2
(32,BlO
ft);
range
1630
kn
(1,013
miles)
WeiEhts:
empty 5200k9
(11,464
lb);
m
(14
ft
I
/z
(284,17
sq
ft)
4
29
in); wrng area
2l !
20C'-
-
r:.
Tlpe:
single-seat
tactrcal
ligrht
bomber
Powerplant:
two
800-kg
(1,764-1b)
thrust
BMW
003A-1
turbojets
maximum take-off
9800
kg
(21,605
Ib)
Dimensions: span
14.44
m
(46
ft
372
in);
Armament: bombload
of
up
to
(4,409
slghtly
widened centre
fuselage, The
Ar
2348-
I was
an unar
med
r
econnaiss-
rrce
aircraft which
first served
wrth
l
',-ersuchsverband Oberbefehlshaber
ier
Luftwaffe
late
in
1944,
and
soon
ai:er with
Sonderkommando
Hecht
ard
Sperling, Thege
units were
re-
placed
in
1945
by I
(F)
33,
I
(F)
100
and
.
F) I23
and
many
reconnassance
scrlies
were
flown over the
UK. The
bcmber
version
was the
Ar
2348-2,
.';hich
could carry
a
bombload
of
2100k9
(4.4091b),
and orher
varjanrs
-::luded
lhe
Ar
2348-?"tb reconnaiss-
a:rce
aircraft, the
Ar
234B-2lI
path-
i:der
and
Ar
2348-2/r
lonq-rangTe
;omber,
Ar
2348-2
bombers joined
-{G
76
in January
1945
and
carried
out
a
:.:mber
of
daring and
hazardous
raids
before
the end
of
the
war.
A small num-
-::ar
rhe
mainwheels rerracting into
a
Performance: maxrmum
speed
length
1264m
(41ft
57zin);
height
TheAr
2348
proved
of
immense
interest
to
the
Allies
and
intact
examp
les
underw
en
t
r
igorou
s
lb):
some
aircraft carried
..,
:
rear-flring
20-mm
gmns
testing
in Britain
and
Ameilca.
Thb :s
an
742km/h (461mph)
at
(19 685
ft);
6000 m
c[mb
to 6000
m
(19,685
ft)
in
12.8
minutes'
service
ceiling
10000m
Ar 2348-l reconnaissance
version, with no
hardpoints.
ber
of
Ar
234s
was also
employed
as
:rgrht-figrhters
with
Kommando
Bonow,
but the four-jet
Ar
234C,
although just
i:egnnning to appear at the
end
of the
'.'.'ar
farled
to
leach
squadron service.
)laay
other advanced projects were in
:and
when
hostilities
ceased,
Bachem
Ba
349
Natter
Among
the
ingrenious
expedients
borne of
desperation
in
Germany
at
-.Lre
vertically-launched,
piloted
mrssile,
Designed
under the
leadership
of
constructed marnly
of
bonded
and
screwed wooden
components,
and
was
powered
by
an
internal Walter
109-509A-2
liquid tuel rocket
(of
the
same
type
as
in
the
Messerschmitt Me
163);
for
take-off
boost four solid
fuel
end
of
the war was the
Bachem
Ba
349
Nafter (viper),
a
semi-expendable,
TheBachem
8a349
Natterwas
a
somewhat desperate
attempt to stem
the
Allied bombing
campaign.
Launching vertically,
the
Natter
climbed quickly
on
its
rocket
motor, attacked
the bombers
with
rockets
and
then
pilot
and
aircraft returned
separately
to
earth
by
parachute.
Ench
Bachem,
the small aircraft
was
Schmidding rockets
provided a
total
seconds
before beinq
jettisoned,
It
was
intended
to launch
the
Natter
on
approach of
Allied
bombers, the
pilot
selectinq
his
target
and then
launching
hrs
weapon load of
24
7,3-cm
(2.87-in)
Fohn ungmided
rockets,
He
would then
jettison the
nose
section
of
the
aircraft
and deploy
his
own
parachuie,
The
thrust
of 4800ks (l0,5B2lb)
for
10
launches, However,
during
the
first pr-
loted
launch the same month, the
cock-
pit
canopy
failed
and the
pilot,
Lothar
Siebert, was
krlled, About
20 Ba
349s
were
completed,
and
10
were
de-
ployed
at
Kirchheim,
but
before
any
remarnder
of
the arrcraft
would
also
descend
by
parachute
for
recovery
and te-use, Glidinq trials
started in
October
1944,
foliowed
in
February
1945
by
the flrst
unmanned vertical
Allied
bombers could be intercepted
the
sites
were
overnm
by
advancing
American
forces,
Powerplant:
one
1700-kg
(3,748-1b)
thrust
Walter
109-509A-2
liquid-fuel
rocket motor (of
70 seconds' power
duration)
and four
1200-kq
(2
646-lb)
thrust
Schmiddrnq
109-533
solid-tuel
jettisonable booster rockets
(of
10
seconds'
power
duration)
800
Performance: maximum
speed
climb rare
11140m
(36,550ft) per
minute; service
ceiling
14000 m
(45,930
ft); radius of action
40
kn/h
(497
mph)
at sea
level;
imtial
Specification
Type:
single-seat expendable
rnter-
ceptor
(4,850]b)
Dimensions: span
3.60
m
(Il
ft
9% in),
length^
6.
1O
m
(20
ft
0
in); wing
area
2.75
m'
(29.6
sq ft)
Weight: loaded
at
launch
2200k9
km
(24,8
miles)
1944
for the
Armament: 24 Fohn 7.3-cm
(2.87-rn)
unguided rocket
projectrles
in
nose
out at the
last
moment, Pilot
survival
was
rated
as
being
most
un[kely
as
a
result
ofthe canopy fouling
the
pulsejet
inlet immediately
aft of
the
cockpit,
yet
Fieseler
Fi
103R
One
of
the
many macabre projects
being
studied
as
Germany
pulsejet-powered Fieseler
103R,
a
manned
version
of
the
Arerus
approached defeat at the end of
the
war
involved
tlre
use of
the Fieseler Fi
262
Fi
103
flying bomb,
Mass
production
of
these
weapons
had been achieved by mid-
England
wlen
proposals
were
made
to
launch
a
manned
bomb
from be-
neath
a carrier aircraft. The
intention
was that, after
reiease,
the
flying
bomb
would be
piloted
towards
a
target and
put into a dive before the pilot baled
campaign
against
southern
the
Germans steadfastly
claimed
a
subtle
drstinction
between
ther
Seibsl-
opfermdnner (self-sacriflce
men)
Fieseler
Fi
103R
(continued)
=:e
rcele
sealed
into
their
cockpits
before
piloted
Fi
=ke-cfl
A
tota.l
of
about
175
the oper-
--iRs
(Rer'crlenberg
being
a::lal
codename
covering the
pro-
_€ci)
were
completed:
the
RJ,
R-II
and
R-III
were
test and training
versions,
-d
the R-IV was intended
for
oper-
a:cnal
use. Testing was
undertaken
by
iechlin
pilots but after two
had
development
flyingwas
taken
=ashed
:;er
by
DFS
test pilots Hanna
Rertsch
arci Heinz Kensche.
Handling
rn
the
air
n-as
fauly straightforward but landing
rre
Japanese
Kamikaze pilots who
F ie seler
F
i
1
0
3R
R
eichenberg
IV.
Powerplant: one
350-kg
(7721b) thrust
fugus
109'014
pulsejet
high
command's refusal
to
take
the
Reichenberg project
seriously,
Specification
Fi
IO3R-IV
Type:
single-seat
flying bomb
Performance: maxlmum powered
level speed
650
fras
extremely
tricky
owing
to
the
level; endurance (limited
by
pulsejet
life)
20
minutes
lldh
(404
mph)
at
sea
Weight:
at launch
2180
kg
(4,806
lb)
Dimensions:
span 5.715m
(18ft
9in);
length 8,00m
(26ft
3in);
maximum
fuselagre
diameter
0,838
m
(2
ft
9
in)
Warhead:
850
kg
(i,874 ]b)
$dimentary
control
provided
and the
';ery
high landing speed,
Aithough
some
70
volunteer pilots
were
U
I
)
is
well
known
in
its
unpiloted
form,
but
the
piloted
ver
s
ion,
tfi
e
Reichenberg
was
mote
o
bscare.
I
ntende
d
for
accura te
attacks against
shipping,
the
pilot
ras
supposed
to bale
out
after
he
The
Fi
1
03
selected
for
training
the plan came
to
raught
srmply
owing to the
German
had aimed at
the
target.
In
practice
thk would
have
been
unlikely.
Et
iT"int"r
He
162
Salamander
Despite all
that Germany
could do
to
press
the
Messerschmitt
Me
163
and
Me
262
into service in the latter
half
of
,944,
it
became
al1
too
clear
that both
a.rcraft demanded production
skills,
naterials
and
flying
experience
:de
of
Allied
ar
attack,
Accorilinffi
as
the RLM underwent
its
flna1
reorga-
:.uation, proposals
were
studied
for
'jie
mass
production
of
a
relatively
sim-
Despite
its
hurried
development,
the ingenious Heinkel He
I
62
would
have
proved
an
effective
fighter
in
ple, lightweight
jet
interceptor
which
experienced
hands,
but
there
was
insufficient
time
to
train
men
of
the
calibre required by
the
Luftwaffe.
Cemanded
the minimum
of
strategic
materials,
engineering.skill and pilot
lraining, Within
five weeks the design
cf
the
Heinkel
He
162
had
been
accepted
and
dozens
of
component
subcontracts organized,
it
being
in-
tended
to
reach
a
production
of
2,000
aircraft
per
month
by May
1945,
The
first prototype He
162
was
flown
on
6
December
i944,
but
by
the following
month
severe lateral
rnstabilitv
had
ffi
313''i$:":?;'f
:}]ii:%'
alrcraft
was
a
small
shoulder-wing
lJ*iH
monoplane
with
the
turbojet
mounted
on top
of
the
fuselaqe
amidshrps, nose-
wheel landing gear
and
twin
flns and
rudders.
In
February
a
score
of
further
prototypes flew, together with the
first
production
examples,
The first oper-
ational umt,
UG
1,
under
Oberst Her-
bert lhlefeldt, flew
He 162A-I
produc-
tion aircraft
at Parchim
but, despite
a
prodigious effort
and the
completron
of
some
275
aircraft,
the
swift advance
by
the
Allied
armies
prevented the little
fighter
from taking
any
significant
part
rn
the arr
fighting
at
the end
of
the
war.
Above
:
Several Heinkel
H e
I
62s
were
captured by
the
Allies
and
extensively
tested
after thewar.
Thk
He
1
62A-2 was
sewing
with
II
G
ruppe,
J
agdges chw
ader
I
at
Leck
when
it
was
captured
on
8
May I
945.
It
has
since
been
restored
and
is
on
display
atRAF
StAthan.
maxrmum
take-off
2700k9
(5 952
lb)
Dimensions: span
7.20
m
(23
ft
7Vz
in);
2.55
m
(B
Specification
Type: sinqle-seat
interceptor fighter
Powerplant:
one
800-kg
835
ft
43/e
in),
wing area
I
1,
15
m'
(i20,0 sq ft)
Armament:
tvvo
30-mm
MK
108
or
two
20-mm IvlG
151
cannon
in
nose
Right:
The
He
I
62
suffered
from
all
the symptoms
of
1945
Germany-
lackof
fuel,
poor
materials,
length 9,05m
(29ft
BYzin);
heighl
(1,764-1b)
thrust
BMW
109-003E
turbojet
Performance:
maxrmum
about Il00Om
(36,090f1); maxrmum
range 1000kn
(621
miles)
(19,685ft);
initial climb
rate
1290m
(4,230ft)
per
minute; service ceiling
1750
km/h
(519
mph)
at
speed
6000
m
Weights:
empty
kg
(3,BSB
lb);
Alliedadvance.
inexperienced workmen and pilots,
and
hasty design and
development.
Attempts
to
overcome
these
problems
were
swamped by
the
263

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