Dorothy Bartlett-Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry-Global Media (2009).pdf

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First Edition, 2009
ISBN 978 93 80168 81 4
© All rights reserved.
Published by:
Global Media
1819, Bhagirath Palace,
Chandni Chowk, Delhi-110 006
Email:
globalmedia@dkpd.com
Table of Contents
1.
Introduction
2.
Functional Groups
3.
Organic Synthesis Reagents
4.
The Structure
5.
Reactions of Organic Names
6.
Different Elements
7.
Process of Reaction
8.
Process of Oxidation and Reduction
9.
Reaction and Mechanism
Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry
1
1
Introduction
Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry in which
covalent carbon compounds and their reactions are studied.
A wide variety of classes of compounds such as vitamins,
drugs, natural and synthetic fibres, as well as carbohydrates,
peptides, and fats consist of organic molecules. Organic
chemists determine the structures of organic molecules, study
their various reactions, and develop procedures for the synthesis
of organic substances.
Organic chemistry is the study of the properties of the
compounds of carbon that are organic. All carbon compounds
except for a few inorganic carbon compounds are organic.
Inorganic carbon compounds include the oxides of carbon, the
bicarbonates and carbonates of metal ions, the metal cyanides,
and a few others.
Organic chemistry is the most important branch of
chemistry — but of course it would be nothing without the
many other areas of chemistry — in fact all branches of
chemistry should not be viewed in isolation, even though they
may often be taught in isolation.
2
Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is all around us, life is based on organic
chemistry, the clothes we wear, the drugs we take, the cars we
drive and the fuel that propels them, wood, paper, plastics and
paints.
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing
carbon the ability of carbon to form as many as 4 strong bonds
to many other atoms, e.g., carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
halogens, sulphur, phosphorus ensures a virtual infinite number
of possible compounds the constituent atoms and their exact
combination determines the chemical and physical properties
of compounds and hence, their suitability for applications.
To understand life as we know it, we must first understand
a little bit of organic chemistry. Organic molecules contain
both carbon and hydrogen. Though many organic chemicals
also contain other elements, it is the carbon-hydrogen bond
that defines them as organic. Organic chemistry defines life.
Just as there are millions of different types of living organisms
on this planet, there are millions of different organic molecules,
each with different chemical and physical properties. There
are organic chemicals that make up your hair, your skin, your
fingernails, and so on. The diversity of organic chemicals is
due to the versatility of the carbon atom. Why is carbon such
a special element? Let’s look at its chemistry in a little more
detail.
Carbon (C) appears in the second row of the periodic table
and has four bonding electrons in its valence shell. Similar to
other non-metals, carbon needs eight electrons to satisfy its
valence shell. Carbon, therefore, forms four bonds with other
atoms (each bond consisting of one of carbon’s electrons and
one of the bonding atom’s electrons). Every valence electron
participates in bonding, thus a carbon atom’s bonds will be
distributed evenly over the atom’s surface. These bonds form
a tetrahedron (a pyramid with a spike at the top), as illustrated

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