Campaign 271 - The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785. Charlemagne’s Defeat of Widukind of Westphalia (2014).pdf

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THE CONQUEST OF
SAXONY AD 782–785
Charlemagne’s defeat of Widukind of Westphalia
DAVID NICOLLE
ILLUSTRATED BY GRAHAM TURNER
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
CAMPAIGN 271
THE CONQUEST OF
SAXONY AD 782–785
Charlemagne’s defeat of Widukind of Westphalia
DAVID NICOLLE
ILLUSTRATED BY GRAHAM TURNER
  
Series editor Marcus Cowper
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION: FRANKS AND SAXONS
CHRONOLOGY
OPPOSING COMMANDERS
Carolingian commanders
Saxon commanders
5
19
22
OPPOSING FORCES
Carolingian forces
Saxon forces
32
OPPOSING PLANS
Carolingian plans
Saxon plans
42
THE CAMPAIGN
Carolingian defeat in the Süntel Hills,
AD
46
782
The Saxon defeat
AFTERMATH
A continuing struggle
Impact on the Saxons
Impact on the Carolingians
79
THE BATTLEFIELDS TODAY
FURTHER READING
INDEX 
91
93
95
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The Carolingian kingdom and its neighbours,
c.
AD
 782
N
1.
2.
3.
Willebrord of Northumbria’s mission to
the Frisians (c. ad 690–739).
Boniface of Wessex’s mission to the
Frisians and Hessians (c.
AD
716–754).
Willehad of Northumbria’s mission to the
Saxons (
AD
780–789).
Territory south of the Teutoburger Wald
lost by Franks to Saxons in
AD
695,
reconquered
AD
722–804.
Bavaria under Carolingian overlordship
from
AD
778.
Northern provinces of the Lombard
Kingdom of Italy conquered
AD
774–775.
Southern provinces of the Lombard
Kingdom of Italy divided between the
Duchy of Spoleto (nominally Papal) and
the Lombard Principality of Benevento).
8. March of Friuli established in
AD
776.
9. Against Lombard Kingdom of Italy in
AD
773–74.
10. Against rebel Lombard Duke of Friuli
later in
AD
776.
11. Against Saragossa in
AD
778.
7.
KINGDOM
OF THE
SCOTTISH KINGDOMS PICTS
STRATHCLYDE
IRISH
KINGDOMS
4.
5.
6.
DANES
NORTHUMBRIA
FRISIANS
WELSH
KINGDOMS
EAST
MERCIA ANGLIA
1
OBODRITES
WILTZI
WEST
WALES
WESSEX
KENT
AUSTRASIA
1
3
2
SAXONS
4
THURINGIANS SORBS
BOHEMIANS
MORAVIANS
10
5
BRETONS
NEUSTRASIA
SWABIA
ALEMANNIA
BURGUNDY
9
KINGDOM
OF ITALY
6
BAVARIA
8
AVAR
KHAGANATE
0
0
150km
150 miles
AQUITAINE
GASCONY
ASTURIAS
11
BASQUES
11
PROVENCE
SEPTIMANIA
SOUTHERN
SLAVS
SPOLETO
PAPAL
TERRITORY
7
BENEVENTO
EMIRATE OF CORDOVA
The Carolingian kingdom
Territories under Carolingian overlordship
Territories claimed as conquered by Carolingians
Byzantine Empire (including nominally Byzantine)
Papal territories (still claimed by the Byzantine Empire)
Other Christian states or peoples
Peoples in the process of conversion to Christianity
Emirate of Cordova (Muslim)
Thughur
‘frontier marches’ of the Cordova Emirate
Pagan or shamanist peoples, and Tengrian Avars
Frankish ‘homeland’ abandoned
c.
AD
56
‘Salian’ Franks as Roman
foederati c.
AD
357
Saxon ‘homeland’
c.
AD
2nd century
Christian Missions to pagan Frisians and Saxons
Charlemagne’s campaigns excluding Saxony (see Map 2) before
AD
782
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INTRODUCTION: FRANKS AND
SAXONS
The passionate nationalisms of the 19th and 20th centuries cast their shadow
over many aspects of history, none more so than the relationship between the
peoples of France and Germany. Largely meaningless issues of ethnic origin,
and rather more interesting questions of precisely who lived where and when,
still preoccupy many scholars. What can be stated with reasonable certainty
is that, following the so-called Age of Migrations – which itself both caused
and resulted from the collapse of the western half of the ancient Roman
Empire – a significant new dividing line
emerged across Europe. The major cultural
frontier within Europe was no longer between
the ‘civilized’ Mediterranean world and the
‘barbarian’ north, but between a largely
Latin-Germanic west and a largely Slavic east.
Yet this supposed cultural border always
remained blurred, with large areas of mixed
Germanic and Slav speakers as well as other
peoples who spoke languages related to neither
of these, or indeed to Latin. Then, as Christianity
spread, either through peaceful persuasion or
the power of the sword, some Slavic peoples
found themselves Catholic while others found
themselves Orthodox. Until the Reformation in
the latter decades of the Middle Ages, the
Germanic peoples were fully within the Catholic
camp. However, this only followed a substantial
period during the early Middle Ages when the
spread of Christianity seemed to stop, leaving
many Frisians, the German Saxons and all the
Scandinavian peoples clinging to a form of
paganism which they shared to a remarkable
degree. By then most of the Germanic-speaking
peoples who had overrun so much once-Roman
territory had gone on to adopt the Latin-based
tongues of their overwhelmingly Christian
subjects. The main exception was, of course,
Anglo-Saxon England. Here both Latin and
Celtic languages were almost obliterated while
the existing late Roman Christianity was so
The town side of the Porta
Nigra in Trier, a late 2nd-century
Roman city gate, which
continued to dominate the
early medieval Carolingian
town. (Author’s photograph)
5
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