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Vim: Tips and tricks

1.1

Issues related to new

Vim

7.0

Parenthesis matching

2.1

Regarding

GVim

A ‘clean’

GVim

When your cursor in on a parenthesis, the matching paren-

thesis (“the other side”) will be highlighted. This may an-

noy some of you. In order to disable this feature, open

your vimrc (located in your home directory,

~/.vimrc

Unix and

N:\ vimrc

in Windows) and add this line:

let loaded matchparen = 1

Restart your

Vim

(or

GVim)

to see the eect.

One of the good things about

GVim

is that the most com-

mon tasks are listed on the menu so you can learn quickly.

After that you may want to claim back the area, eliminate

the menu and toolbar. (Why not

Vim? GVim

has more

colours to choose from, that’s why — at least to me) Just

add this line to your vimrc:

set guioptions=g

1.2

Starting from 7.0, you will see a menu showing a list of

candidates when you press

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

default. If you nd this annoying then turn it o by adding

this line to the vimrc:

set completeopt=

See more about completion by

:help completion.

Keyword completion — disable the

2.2

Fonts,

fonts,

fonts, ...

Choose a font in the

GVim

using

:set guifont=*

Once you’re satised with the font, show the font name

with

:set guifont,

which will return something like

guifont=Monospace 8

You have to escape spaces and commas that might occur

in the string using backslash. In this case you should add

this line to your vimrc:

set guifont=Monospace\ 8

1.3

Tab editing

2.3

Instead of typing

:edit

new.file

(:e in short) to edit

another le, a new option

:tabedit

new.file

(:tabe) is

available. This creates tabs, like those used in browser.

Navigate though the tabs using

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

PgUp

and

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

PgDn

(If your terminal processed these key bind-

ings, you can still use

ØÙ

and

ØÙ

— though that’s

not as convenient). Advantage of using tabs over buer

list is that you switch between les using shortcut keys

(instead of

:bn<ENTER>

and

:bN<ENTER>).

Also, name of

the le is shown clearly on the tab, so you know what you

are doing. (though you lose one line)

Combining this command and window splitting (:new,

:vnew, :split, :vsplit,

...) gives you the most exibility.

GVim,

you can do copy and paste to the clipboard by

ØÙ

and

ØÙ

, respectively.

Clipboard

Other bits

3.1

Paste Mode

1.4

Spell checking

Have you ever tried pasting something into

Vim

and end

up with badly aligned result? Here’s the trick: type

:set

paste

to put

Vim

in paste mode before you paste, so

Vim

will not do anything fancy and paste all the stu verbatim.

After you have nished pasting, type

:set nopaste

to go

back to normal, where indentation will take place again.

(You only need this option when pasting in terminal, but

not GUI)

To enable spell checking, type the following:

:setl spell spl=en

All regions (default)

GB, USA

:setl spell spl=en gb,en us

Move around misspelled words using

ØÙ

]

ØÙ

and

ØÙ

[

ØÙ

To turn it o:

:setl spell spl=

Of course, putting these as a keyboard macro will be more

convenient. Add this to your vimrc:

set spell spl=en us " Select language

set nospell " Turn it off at start

nmap <F7> :set spell! "toggle spell check

In insert mode,

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

gives you spell sugges-

tion(s), and you can press

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

for next suggestion.

For more information,

:help spell.

3.2

Copying from Terminal

Use

:set nonu

to disable line numbering before you copy

lines of code to the clipboard. Restore by

:set nu.

3.3

•

You might know

ØÙ

and

ØÙ

for searching. How

about

ØÙ

and

ØÙ

? They search for word nearest to

the cursor forward and backward, respectively. They

save you time typing the word to search.

•

Use

ØÙ

instead of

ØÙ

ENTER

to repeat search (

ØÙ

do it backwards).

Searching

•

Use

:noh

to cancel highlights after searching.

•

:set is

turns on incremental search.

3.11

Code folding

3.4

3.5

ØÙ

shows you the man page for the keyword under cursor.

Man page

Dictionary Lookup

Add this line to your vimrc:

nmap <F2> :!webster <C-R><C-W><CR>

Dictionary shows up when you press

ØÙ

in normal mode.

3.6

ØÙ

join the current line with the next, and

ØÙ

do the

same without inserting a space.

Joining line(s)

3.7

Executing commands

command

executes

command

as if it is typed under

the shell. Combining this with

:make

you don’t need to

exit

Vim

every time you compile and debug your program.

ØÙ

is used to match parenthesis. It can match

(), [],

{},

comment (/*

*/)

and

#define.

Instead of splitting your window to view source code from

dierent part of the program, you can fold up codes that

you are not interested. To fold some part of your code,

just create a selection using the visual mode, then type

:fo.

Note that when you type

ØÙ

it will insert

’<,’>

automatically and you don’t need to remove them. A fold

will be represented by

/*{{{*/

and

/*}}}*/.

You can

open and close a fold by

ØÙ

and

ØÙ

, respectively.

You can also ask

Vimto

fold the code based on the

indentation of your code. To achieve this, type

:set

fdm=indent

(or add it to vimrc). Here

fdm

means “fold

method”. Then you can fold/unfold the code at that in-

dent level using

ØÙ

and

ØÙ

. Moreover, you can

fold/unfold codes of the same indent level by

ØÙ

(fold

more) and

ØÙ

(fold less). In this case you can fold your

code without adding the fold mark.

Why

ØÙ

? According to the help,

is like a folded piece

of paper.

3.12

Indenting code

3.8

Matching parenthesis

3.9

Make C, C++ programs in

Vim

There are few options related to indentation, namely

autoindent, cindent

and

smartindent.

An example to

this is located in

$VIMRUNTIME/vimrc example.vim.

To adjust indentation (e.g. in case of copy & paste),

use

number of lines

ØÙ

. To indent the whole le, type

ØÙ

(go to the top, then indent until the end of

le.

Add this line to vimrc

au FileType cpp,c setl mp=make\ %:t:r

then you can make your C or C++ programs in

Vim

using

:make.

Note that it uses environment variables

CFLAGS

and

CXXFLAGS

as default ags. So add

set CFLAGS="-Wall -g"

set CXXFLAGS=($CFLAGS)

to your

.cshrc

(for csh), or

export CFLAGS="-Wall -g"

export CXXFLAGS=${CFLAGS}

to your

.bashrc

(for bash), to make sure you don’t miss

any warnings and have your program ready for debugging.

In case of any warnings or errors it will take you there.

You can display subsequent warnings and errors after a

make by typing

:cn

(previous by

:cN).

Three visual modes are available.

ØÙ

is for normal visual

mode, you can invoke it using mouse drag.

ØÙ

is for line

visual mode, the unit becomes line instead of character,

using a mouse you do double click and drag.

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

is for block visual mode, one of the features that dierenti-

ate itself from other editors. A triple click (yes!) and drag

invoke this.

3.13

You can precede most of the commands with a number

indicating the number of times to repeat. E.g.

ØÙ

paste 8 times. But for some commands, preceding with a

number changes its meaning:

•

ØÙ

send you to the bottom of le, while

ØÙ

send

you to the

’th line.

•

ØÙ

match parenthesis, while

ØÙ

send you to the

’th percentile of the le.

Using numbers

3.14

3.10

Visual mode

Macros are (one of the) most powerful feature in

Vim.

Be-

gin recording a macro by pressing

ØÙ

, where

can

be any alphabets. This will be the name of the macro.

Any keys pressed after that will be recorded. End record-

ing a macro by pressing

ØÙ

again. Execute the macro

you recorded by

ØÙ

. Using macros can increase pro-

ductivity a lot, saving your time in doing some repetitive

work.

Macros

3.15

•

Undo by

ØÙ

, undo the whole line by

ØÙ

Undo, Redo and Repeat

•

Redo by

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

•

ØÙ

repeats the last action. This can be a sequence

of actions you do in insert mode.

–

Replace all occurrence in the line. Without

this only the rst matched string in each line

will be replaced.

–

Conrm each substitution.

–

Just report the number of matches, substitu-

tion is not done. (version 7.0 or above)

3.16

Splitting Window

3.19

Split a window horizontally using

:sp

(split). Split a win-

dow vertically using

:vs

(vertical split). Precede the com-

mand with a number (e.g.

:10sp)

to control the height (or

width) of the rst window.

Combining split and edit command, we have

:new

and

:vnew.

Cycle through the list of les using

:bn

and

:bN.

Move to the adjacent windows using

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

and

then cursor key. Remove a window using

:q.

Adjust the

size of the window using

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

{

ØÙ

}

Sometimes you have constants in your program that you

want to modify. The shortcut

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

add one to the

number and

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

subtract one from the number.

The advantage of using this is your cursor don’t have to be

right on top of the number, it just search rst number after

the cursor on the same line and do the job. This function,

by default, recognize decimal numbers,

for octal numbers

and

for hexadecimal numbers.

Constant manipulation

3.17

Navigation and Marks

3.18

You jump to elsewhere in a le or another le for various

reasons. Searching, or simply press the wrong key, brings

you away from where you are working. To go back, press

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

(‘oh’). To go forward, press

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

To mark a position, press

ØÙ

. This saves the loca-

tion in mark

. To go back to that location press

ØÙ

‘

•

Perform a search using

ØÙ

pattern

3.20

Retabbing for printing

Search and Replace

•

Perform a replace using

pattern

string

ags

where

denes the range

–

: the whole le

By default, tab is equal to 8 spaces when printed. This

causes printouts hard to read when you have more than a

few level of indentation. Retab is the solution. Perform

the following:

’ Specify how much spaces one tab is equivalent

’ to (Not required if you are happy with the

’ current settings)

:set ts=4

’ With expandtab, tabs are converted to spaces

:set expandtab

’ Replace tabs with white spaces

:ret

’ Save and do your printing, e.g.

’ lpr -Popenlab xx.c

’ With noexpandtab, spaces are converted to tabs

:set noexpandtab

’ Undo changes to your code using ’u’, or

:ret

ØÙ

and

ØÙ

go to local and global declaration re-

spectively. Place the cursor on a variable or a function and

these commands will bring you to the declaration. (Go

back using

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

)

Note that these function is not guaranteed to work as it

may bring you to the wrong place (e.g. when you dene

the function multiple times).

Display the denition of the current variable by

ØÙ

[

ØÙ

–

a,b

: from line

to line

–

’<,’>

: range equals to lines highlighted (in-

serted automatically in visual mode)

pattern

is the pattern to search for.

Vim

accepts

regular expression. Include

in search pattern to

ignore case in search.

–

gr[ae]y

matches both gray and grey.

–

red\|blue

matches both red and blue.

–

matches beginning of line,

matches end of

line.

string

is the string to replace with. You can use

backreference (\1,

\2,

. . . ) to refer back to the string

matched (enclosed in

. . .

\)).

–

:%s/ $[4-9]$/\1th/g

replaces 4 with 4th, 5

with 5th, etc.

ags

modies the behavior of a search. You can

mix some of them.

3.21

Jump to declaration

3.22

Using

ctags

is a powerful utility help to analyze the code and

help the programming process. Create a tag le using

ctags:

ctags *.c *.h

The tag le defaults to

tags.

After that you can

use

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

]

to ask for declaration. Go back by

Ctrl

ØÙ

ctags

is more powerful than

ØÙ

and

ØÙ

ØÙ

, but requires update if code has changed. You can

incorporate the update in your

Makefile

to simplify the

work. A good tool for analysing code.

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

]

shows a list of matching tags. This is use-

ful to identify multiple denition. If you like you can map

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

]

to this in your vimrc:

nmap ^] g^]

A nice tutorial on

ctags

can be found at:

http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/8289

Contents

1 Issues related to new

Vim

7.0

1.1 Parenthesis matching . . . . . . . .

1.2 Keyword completion — disable the

1.3 Tab editing . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4 Spell checking . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .

2 Regarding

GVim

2.1 A ‘clean’

GVim

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2 Fonts,

fonts,

...

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3 Clipboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Other bits

3.1 Paste Mode . . . . . . .

3.2 Copying from Terminal

3.3 Searching . . . . . . . .

3.4 Man page . . . . . . . .

3.5 Dictionary Lookup . . .

3.6 Joining line(s) . . . . . .

3.7 Executing commands . .

3.8 Matching parenthesis . .

3.9 Make C, C++ programs

3.10 Visual mode . . . . . . .

3.11 Code folding . . . . . .

3.12 Indenting code . . . . .

3.13 Using numbers . . . . .

3.14 Macros . . . . . . . . . .

3.15 Undo, Redo and Repeat

3.16 Splitting Window . . . .

3.17 Navigation and Marks .

3.18 Search and Replace . . .

3.19 Constant manipulation .

3.20 Retabbing for printing .

3.21 Jump to declaration . .

3.22 Using

ctags

. . . . . . .

4.1

Finally...

Help! How do I...

What have been covered is just a very small portion of tips

and tricks. If you have other problems concerning

Vim,

try

the following:

•

Ask

vimtutor

if you are new to

Vim.

•

A quick reference card might help get you started.

Search, on the internet, using the term

"vim

quick reference card".

This should return you

some html formatted reference as well as prettily-

formatted pdf which is nice for printouts. A graph-

ical cheat sheet is also available ("vim

graphical

cheat sheet").

•

Use

:help.

For example,

:help ts

should tell you

what is mean by

(in your vimrc). Navigate your-

self by using the cursor keys (

ØÙ

), follow

a link (enclosed in pipes,

|link|

for example) us-

ing

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

]

, go back by

ØÙ

Ctrl

ØÙ

. Wander

around the help should increase your skill in using

Vim.

(But remember, learn through practice)

•

As mentioned, internet is a good place to look for

help. In particular, on

www.vim.org

there are lots

of tips and scripts. Scripts for eye-catching colour

schemes, syntax highlighting for other languages are

few examples.

. . . . .

Vim

. . . . .

4 Finally...

4.1 Help! How do I... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

First edited: October 6, 2006.

Last modied: February 11, 2009.

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