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沪江博客 - 永不放弃梦想|http://blog.yeshj.com/lizhidu/
沪江博客 - 永不放弃梦想|http://blog.yeshj.com/lizhidu/
CONTENTS
EDITORIAL
949
Volume 343 Issue 6174
BOOKS
ET AL.
970
971
Festival Lessons
Leszek Borysiewicz and Nicola Buckley
The New Science of Cities
M. Batty, reviewed by M. Szell
NEWS OF THE WEEK
954
Pests in the City
D. D. Biehler, reviewed by F. R. Davis
A roundup of the week’s top stories
POLICY FORUM
972
NEWS & ANALYSIS
956
957
958
959
960
A Better Route to Tech Standards
J. Lerner and J. Tirole
Science Misused to Justify Ugandan
Antigay Law
New Review Slams Fusion
Project’s Management
Twitter Offers Entire Data Pool,
but Some Wary of Diving In
E.U. Privacy Protection Bill Would Hamper
Research, Scientists Warn
New Look at Ancient Mineral Could Scrap
a Test for Early Oxygen
976
975
974
PERSPECTIVES
Meet the New Boss,
Same as the Old Boss
M. Kaspari and M. D. Weiser
>> Report p. 1014
pages 961 & 979
The Surface Mobility of Glasses
F. Chen
et al.
>> Report p. 994
NEWS FOCUS
961
964
The Tropical Pacific Ocean—
Back in the Driver’s Seat?
A. Clement and P. DiNezio
Welcome to Beringia
>> Perspective p. 979
978
The Neural Code That Makes Us Human
Y. Grodzinsky and I. Nelken
>> Report p. 1006
Can Down Syndrome Be Treated?
>>
Science
Podcast
979
Out of Beringia?
J. F. Hoffecker
et al.
>> News story p. 961
page 970
LETTERS
968
Raw Data:
Access to Inaccuracy
A. C. J. W. Janssens
981
How Shape Affects Microtubule and
Nanoparticle Assembly
M. J. Stevens
Raw Data:
Research and Health Care Goals Differ
W. J. Dondorp
et al.
982
Signaling Shifts in Allergy Responses
M. Daëron
>> Report p. 1021
Response
J. E. Lunshof
et al.
969
CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS
REVIEW
985
Solar Synthesis: Prospects in Visible
Light Photocatalysis
D. M. Schultz and T. P. Yoon
Review Summary; for full text:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1239176
ON THE WEB THIS WEEK
>>
Science
Podcast
This week’s show features a segment on recent
research into treatments for Down syndrome and
a roundup of shorts from our daily news site.
>> Find More Online
Check out the latest in a series of Perspectives
on Challenges in Climate Science at
www.sciencemag.org/extra/climate.
CONTENTS
continued
>>
CREDIT:
COVER
A portrait of a tawny crazy ant worker (Nylanderia
fulva).
Tawny
crazy ants, native to central South America, are invading the
southeastern United States and, in some places, displacing the
current dominant South American ant invader, red imported fire
ants (Solenopsis
invicta).
A notable ability to detoxify the venom
of imported fire ants apparently underlies the success of tawny
crazy ants. See pages 974 and 1014.
Photo: ©Alex Wild/alexanderwild.com
DEPARTMENTS
947
950
952
984
1029
1030
This Week in
Science
Editors’ Choice
Science
Staff
AAAS News & Notes
New Products
Science
Careers
沪江博客 - 永不放弃梦想|http://blog.yeshj.com/lizhidu/
www.sciencemag.org
SCIENCE
VOL 343
28 FEBRUARY 2014
Published by AAAS
945
CONTENTS
RESEARCH ARTICLES
986
1002
ESCRT Machinery Is Required for Plasma
Membrane Repair
A. J. Jimenez
et al.
ESCRT proteins repair small wounds in
the plasma membrane by shearing off
damaged portions.
Research Article Summary; for full text:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1247136
Promoter-Bound Trinucleotide Repeat
mRNA Drives Epigenetic Silencing in
Fragile X Syndrome
D. Colak
et al.
An abnormal activation of gene silencing
underlies fragile X syndrome.
1006
Phonetic Feature Encoding in Human
Superior Temporal Gyrus
N. Mesgarani
et al.
The human auditory cortex encodes what speech
sounds like.
>> Perspective p. 978
987
Lost in Transition: Start-Up of Glycolysis
Yields Subpopulations of Nongrowing Cells
J. H. van Heerden
et al.
One source of nongenetic variation in
yeast can be traced to distinct steady-state
levels of glycolysis.
Research Article Summary; for full text:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1245114
1010
Detection of a Recurrent
DNAJB1-PRKACA
Chimeric Transcript in Fibrolamellar
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
J. N. Honeyman
et al.
A rare form of liver cancer affecting young
adults expresses a chimeric kinase that may
contribute to pathogenesis.
pages 975 & 994
REPORTS
988
Global Anisotropies in TeV Cosmic Rays
Related to the Sun’s Local Galactic
Environment from IBEX
N. A. Schwadron
et al.
Local interstellar conditions play a role in
ordering very-high-energy cosmic rays in
the Sun’s immediate environment.
1014
Chemical Warfare Among Invaders:
A Detoxification Interaction Facilitates
an Ant Invasion
E. G. LeBrun
et al.
After fire ants invade, they can be invaded
in turn by tawny crazy ants.
>> Perspective p. 974
990
Nanoporous BiVO
4
Photoanodes with Dual-
Layer Oxygen Evolution Catalysts
for Solar Water Splitting
T. W. Kim and K.-S. Choi
A high-surface-area morphology of bismuth
vanadate enhances the proportion of
photogenerated holes that can oxidize water.
1017
Resurrecting Surviving Neandertal Lineages
from Modern Human Genomes
B. Vernot and J. M. Akey
Ancestral Neandertal sequences within extant
humans reveal that positive and purifying
selection has occurred.
1021
pages 982 & 1021
994
A Direct Quantitative Measure of Surface
Mobility in a Glassy Polymer
Y. Chai
et al.
A step geometry is used to probe the behavior
of a glassy polymer above and below its glass
transition temperature.
>> Perspective p. 975
Molecular Editing of Cellular Responses by
the High-Affinity Receptor for IgE
R. Suzuki
et al.
One receptor uses different signals to achieve
different outcomes.
>> Perspective p. 982
1025
Cell Surface ABP1-TMK Auxin-Sensing
Complex Activates ROP GTPase Signaling
T. Xu
et al.
An alternate signaling route for the plant
hormone auxin goes directly inside from
the cell surface.
999
Rapid Thinning of Pine Island Glacier
in the Early Holocene
J. S. Johnson
et al.
Pine Island Glacier in Antarctica thinned
rapidly, as it is doing now, at least once
before in the past 8000 years.
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946
沪江博客 - 永不放弃梦想|http://blog.yeshj.com/lizhidu/
28 FEBRUARY 2014
VOL 343
SCIENCE
www.sciencemag.org
Published by AAAS
EDITED BY STELLA HURTLEY
Deciphering
Language >>
Consonants and vowels
represent basic building
blocks of human language.
How their characteristics are
extracted from acoustic speech input is
not well understood. Directly recording from
the superior temporal gyrus of patients as part
of their clinical evaluation for epilepsy surgery,
Mesgarani
et al.
(p. 1006, published online 30 January; see the
Perspective by
Grodzinsky and Nelken)
investigated neural responses
while the subjects listened to continuous speech. The findings reveal how
both vowels and consonants of different phonetic categories are encoded.
chimeric RNA transcript and protein containing
sequences from a molecular chaperone fused
in frame with sequences from the catalytic
domain of protein kinase A. The chimeric
protein retained kinase activity in vitro.
Such recurrent gene fusions in cancer may
signal a role in pathogenesis and provide an
opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
Allergen Affinity
Downloaded from
www.sciencemag.org
on February 28, 2014
947
Allergic responses are initiated by interaction
of allergens with immunoglobulin E (IgE)
antibodies, which in turn bind to IgE receptors
on the surface of mast cells.
Suzuki
et al.
(p. 1021, published online 6 February; see
the Perspective by
Daëron)
explored how the
signaling properties of such receptor complexes
differ, depending on the affinity of the IgE
antibody for the antigen leading to different
allergic responses.
Ordering Cosmic Rays
Earth and other planets are constantly bombarded
by cosmic rays (charged particles from the
cosmos). The flux of very-high-energy cosmic
rays varies according to where we look in the sky.
Schwadron
et al.
(p. 988, published online 13
February) show that recent measurements of the
local interstellar parameters by NASA’s Interstellar
Boundary Explorer satellite are consistent with
observed cosmic ray anisotropies at tera–electron
volt energies, implying that local interstellar
conditions play a role in ordering very-high-
energy cosmic rays in our cosmic vicinity.
thinning around 8000 years ago, which occurred
about as quickly as is happening now, and which
lasted for 25 to 100 years.
A Boost for Bismuth
Vanadate
In theory, given its light-absorption spectrum,
bismuth vanadate should be an effective
photoanode for solar water-splitting. However,
in prior studies,
few of the “holes”
generated upon
photoexcitation have
persisted long enough
to strip electrons from
water.
Kim and Choi
(p. 990, published
online 13 February)
now show that the
use of a hydrophobic
vanadium source in
the semiconductor’s synthesis results in a high-
surface-area morphology with substantially
enhanced hole lifetimes. Deposition of two
successive catalyst layers enhanced the
proportion of holes that reacted with water at
the surface, thereby raising the efficiency of the
oxygen evolution reaction.
Know Your Enemy
Fire ants accidentally introduced to North America
from their native range in Argentina have been
hugely invasive and difficult to eradicate and
caused both environmental and economic
damage. Recently, another accidentally
introduced Argentine ant, the tawny
crazy ant, appears to be displacing the
fire ants. How?
LeBrun
et al.
(p. 1014,
published online 13 February; see the
Perspective by
Kaspari and Weiser)
show that tawny crazy ants have a
chemical and behavioral response to the
toxic bite of fire ants that vastly reduces
their mortality during confrontations
and that allows the tawny crazy ants to
outcompete their rivals.
Polymer Film Behavior
An ongoing debate in the understanding of the
behavior of thin-film glassy polymers is whether
there is nanoconfinement of large molecules or
enhanced mobility near a free surface.
Chai
et
al.
(p. 994; see the Perspective by
Chen
et al.)
prepared polymer films with a sharp step in the
profile by depositing broken film fragments onto
a uniform underlay. Atomic force microscopy
revealed changes to the overall film profile with
time at various temperatures. A transition was
observed from localized motions to relaxation of
the entire film at a temperature close to that of
the bulk glass transition temperature.
Neandertal Shadows in Us
Non-African modern humans carry a remnant
of Neandertal DNA from interbreeding events
that have been postulated to have occurred
as humans migrated out of Africa. While
the total amount of Neandertal sequence is
estimated to be less than 3% of the modern
genome, the specific retained sequences vary
among individuals. Analyzing the genomes
of more than 600 Europeans and East Asians,
Vernot and Akey
(p. 1017, published online
29 January) identified Neandertal sequences
within modern humans that taken together span
approximately 20% of the Neandertal genome.
Some Neandertal-derived sequences appear to
be under positive selection in humans, including
several genes associated with skin phenotypes.
CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): XAVIER STUDIO; KIM AND CHOI
Once in a While
Many regions at the edge of the Antarctic Ice
Sheet have rapidly increased the rates at which
they are sliding into the sea and thinning, raising
concerns that global warming might cause the
sudden collapse of some sections.
Johnson
et al.
(p. 999, published online 20 February) present
data from Pine Island Glacier, which has been
thinning and retreating rapidly over the past two
decades. The glacier experienced another rapid
Oncogenic Suspect Exposed
It can be difficult logistically to study the
genomics of rare variants of common cancers.
Nevertheless,
Honeyman
et al.
(p. 1010)
studied fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma
(FL-HCC), a rare and poorly understood liver
tumor that affects adolescents and young adults
and for which there is no effective treatment.
FL-HCCs from 15 patients all expressed a
沪江博客 - 永不放弃梦想|http://blog.yeshj.com/lizhidu/
www.sciencemag.org
SCIENCE
VOL 343
Published by AAAS
28 FEBRUARY 2014

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