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© Lonely Planet Publications
250
Language
CONTENTS
Transliteration
Pronunciation
Accommodation
Conversation & Essentials
Directions
Emergencies
Health
Language Difficulties
Numbers
Paperwork
Question Words
Shopping & Services
Time & Dates
Transport
Travel with Children
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dialects. The content we provide here has
been specifially tailored to suit the Libyan
dialect, so you should encounter few prob-
lems – and with the popularity of group
tourism, an interpreter is never likely to be
too far away if you do get stuck.
If you take the time to learn even a little
of the language, you’ll discover and experi-
ence much more while travelling through
the country. For a more comprehensive
guide to the major regional varieties of
Arabic, get hold of Lonely Planet’s
Middle
East Phrasebook.
TRANSLITERATION
Converting what for most outsiders is just
a bunch of squiggles into meaningful words
(ie those written using the Roman alphabet)
is a tricky business – in fact, no really satis-
factory system of transliteration has been
established, and probably never will be. For
this book, an attempt has been made to
standardise some spellings of place names
and the like.
There is only one article in Arabic:
al
(the). It’s also sometimes written as ‘il’ or
‘el’, occasionally contracted to ‘l’ and some-
times modifies to reflect the first consonant
of the following noun, eg in Saladin’s name,
Salah ad-Din (righteousness of the faith),
the ‘al’ has been modified to ‘ad’ before the
‘d’ of ‘Din’.
The whole business of transliteration is
fraught with pitfalls, and the reality is that
it simply isn’t possible to devise a truly ‘cor-
rect’ system. The locals themselves can only
guess at how to make the conversion – and
the result is often amusing. Don’t be taken
aback if you start noticing half a dozen dif-
ferent spellings for the same thing.
For some reason, the letters
q
and
k
have
caused major problems, and have been inter-
changed willy-nilly in transliteration. For a
long time, Iraq (which in Arabic is spelled
with what can only be described in English
using its nearest-sounding equivalent: ‘q’)
was written, even by scholars, as ‘Irak’. Other
examples of an Arabic
q
receiving such treat-
ment are
souq
(market), often written ‘souk’,
and
qasr
(literally castle, but actually fortified
granaries), sometimes written ‘kasr’. It’s a bit
Arabic is the official language of Libya and
the government has decreed that all street
and business signs and radio programmes
must be in Arabic. Generally, the Arabic
spoken in the east of the country leans more
towards that spoken in Egypt, while to the
west it’s closer to the Tunisian variety. All
publications and signs are written in Mod-
ern Standard Arabic (MSA), which is the
common written form in all Arabic-speaking
countries. Unusually, however, both West-
ern and Arabic numbers are used almost
universally in Libya (for example for road
distances).
Although Libya has its own distinct cul-
ture, hundreds of thousands of Egyptians
and Tunisians live and work there, and
their presence has served to lessen the dif-
ferences between the dialects. The domi-
nance of the Egyptian film and music
industries as the entertainment of choice
among many Libyans has also worked to
minimise the differences. There are none-
theless some subtle differences in pronun-
ciation that are worth noting, though
they’re unlikely to impact upon beginners.
These include a tendency towards more
guttural pronunciations, especially in
Cyrenaica, and some of the long vowel
sounds are discernibly shorter than in other
LANGUAGE
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L A N G UA G E • • T h e S t a n d a r d A r a b i c A l p h a b e t
251
THE STANDARD ARABIC ALPHABET
Final Medial Initial Alone
Transliteration
aa
b
t
th
j
H
kh
d
dh
r
z
s
sh
Pronunciation
as in ‘father’/as the long ‘a’ sound in ‘air’
as in ‘bet’
as in ‘ten’
as in ‘thin’
as in ‘jet’
a strongly whispered ‘h’, like a sigh of relief
as the ‘ch’ in Scottish
loch
as in ‘dim’
as the ‘th’ in ‘this’; also as
d
or
z
a rolled ‘r’, as in the Spanish word
caro
as in ‘zip’
as in ‘so’, never as in ‘wisdom’
as in ‘ship’
emphatic ‘s’ (see below)
emphatic ‘d’ (see below)
emphatic ‘t’ (see below)
emphatic ‘dh’ (see below)
the Arabic letter
’ayn;
pronounce as a glottal
stop – like the closing of the throat before
saying ‘Oh-oh!’ (see Other Sounds on p252)
a guttural sound like Parisian ‘r’
as in ‘far’
a strongly guttural ‘k’ sound; also often
pronounced as a glottal stop
as in ‘king’
as in ‘lamb’
as in ‘me’
as in ‘name’
as in ‘ham’
as in ‘wet’; or
long, as in ‘food’; or
as in ‘how’
as in ‘yes’; or
as in ‘beer’, only softer; or
as in ‘aisle’/as the ‘ay’ in ‘day’
’
gh
f
q
k
l
m
n
h
w
oo
ow
y
ee
ai/ay
LANGUAGE
Vowels
Not all Arabic vowel sounds are represented in the alphabet. For more information on the vowel sounds
used in this language guide, see Pronunciation on p252.
Emphatic Consonants
To simplify the transliteration system used in this book, the emphatic consonants have not
been differentiated from their non-emphatic counterparts.
252
L A N G UA G E • • P r o n u n c i a t i o n
lonelyplanet.com
like spelling English ‘as she is spoke’; imagine
the results if Australians, Americans, Scots
and Londoners were all given free rein to
write English the way they pronounce it!
PRONUNCIATION
Vowels
a
aa
e
ee
i
o
oo
u
ow
ai
ay
as in ‘had’ (sometimes very short)
like the ‘a’ in ‘father’
as in ‘bet’ (sometimes very short)
as in ‘beer’, only softer
as in ‘hit’
as in ‘hot’
as in ‘food’
as in ‘put’
as in ‘how’
as in ‘aisle’
as in ‘day’
Where can I find a
cheap hotel?
What is the address?
Could you write the
address, please?
Do you have rooms
available?
wayn fundug rakhees?
shinnee l-’unwaan?
mumkin tiktib lee l-’unwaan
’andkum ghiraaf faarigha?
Diphthongs
I’d like (a) ...
inHebb ...
I’d like to book (a) ...
inHebb naHjiz ...
bed
sareer
single room
ghurfa li waaHid
double room
ghurfa li shakhsayn
room with two beds
ghurfa ma’ sareerayn
room with a
ghurfa ma’ ham-maam
bathroom
room with a fan
ghurfa ma’ mirwaha
in the name of ...
date
from
(date)
to
(date)
credit card ...
number
expiry date
How much is it ...?
per night
per person
Do you have any
cheaper rooms?
May I see it?
Where is the
bathroom?
I’m/We’re leaving
today.
Hello.
(response)
Hello/Welcome.
(response)
bi ’ism ...
taareekh
min yowm (...) li yowm (...)
karta ...
ragum
taareekh al-’intihaa
bi-gaddaash ...?
bi gaddaash kul layla
lil waaHid
’andkum ghiraaf arkhas?
mumkin inshoofoo?
wayn il-ham-maam?
(ana nimshi/aHna nimsheeoo)l
nimsheeyowm.
Consonants
Pronunciation of Arabic consonants is
covered in the alphabet table (p251). Note
that when double consonants occur in
transliterations, each consonant is pro-
nounced. For example,
il-Hammaam,
(bath-
room), is pronounced ‘il-ham-maam’.
Other Sounds
Arabic has two sounds that are very tricky
for non-Arabs to produce, the
’ayn
and the
glottal stop. The letter ’ayn represents a
sound with no English equivalent that
comes even close - it is similar to the glottal
stop (which is not actually represented in
the alphabet) but the muscles at the back of
the throat are gagged more forcefully and
air is allowed to escape, creating a sound
that has been described as reminiscent of
someone being strangled! In many translit-
eration systems ’ayn is represented by an
opening quotation mark, and the glottal
stop by a closing quotation mark. To make
the transliterations in this language guide
(and throughout the rest of the book) easier
to use, we have not distinguished between
the glottal stop and the ’ayn, using the clos-
ing quotation mark to represent both
sounds. You’ll find that Arab speakers will
still understand you.
LANGUAGE
CONVERSATION & ESSENTIALS
ahlan
ahlan beek
marHaba beek
(to one person)
marHaba beekum
(to a group)
oo beek/beekum
sbaaH al-kheer
sbaaH an-noor
masa’ l-khayr
masa’ an-noor
tisbaH ’ala khayr
tisbaH ’ala khayr
ma’ salaama
ayy
(or
na’am
- more formal)
la
saamaHnee
(to one person)
saamHoonee
(to group)
Good morning.
(response)
Good evening.
(response)
Good night.
(response)
ACCOMMODATION
I’m looking for a ...
hotel
youth hostel
inlowij ’ala ...
fundug
daar ash-shabaab
Goodbye.
Yes.
No.
Excuse me.
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L A N G UA G E • • D i re c t i o n s
253
Please.
birabbi
(used when asking for something in a shop)
tfaddel/tfaddloo
(to man/group; used when offering
something or inviting someone)
itfaddel//itfaddloo
(to man/group; similar, or can mean
‘Please, go ahead and do something)
Thank you.
barkalla oo feek
(response)
min ghayr muziyya
That’s fine/You’re
min ghayr muziyya
EMERGENCIES
Help!
There’s been an
accident.
I’m lost.
Go away!
Call a doctor!
Call the police!
I’ve been robbed.
Where are the toilets?
saa’adnee!
kaan haaditha
ana dhaayi’/dhaay’a
khalleenee raayidh/a!
jeeboolee it-tabeeb!
jeeboolee ish-shurta!
sargoolee
wayn il-mirhaad?
welcome.
Sorry.
(ie forgive me)
What’s your name?
My name is ...
Pleased to meet you.
How are you?
mitaasif/a
(m/f)
shismek?
ismee ...
nitsharrafoo
(pol)
shinnee Haalek?
(to one person)
shinnee Haalkum?
(to a group)
I’m fine.
ilHamdu lillah
Where are you from?
minayn inti?
I’m from ...
ana min ...
I like/don’t like ...
ana inHebb/manHebbish
Just a minute.
dageega waaHida
HEALTH
I’m ill.
My friend is ill.
It hurts here.
I’m ...
asthmatic
diabetic
epileptic
I’m allergic ...
to antibiotics
to aspirin
to bees
to nuts
to peanuts
to penicillin
I have ...
diarrhoea
fever
headache
antiseptic
aspirin
condoms
contraceptive
hospital
medicine
pharmacy
pregnant
prescription
sanitary napkins
stomachache
sunblock cream
tampons
ana mreedh/a
(m/f)
sadeegee mreedh/sadeegatee
mreedha
(m/f)
yuwja’ni hinaa
ana mreedh/a bi ...
(m/f)
ir-raboo
is-sukkar
l-epilepsee
’andee Hasaseeya ...
min antbiotik
min asbireen
min naHl
min looz
min fool soodaanee
min penisileen
’andee ...
ishaal
humaa
wjee’it ir-raas
LANGUAGE
kreem mootahhar
asbireen
preservateef
wasaa’il mana’ il Haml
mustashfa
dwaa
saydaliyya
Haamila
wargit at-tabeeb
foota saHeeya
wjee’it il-maada
kreema did ish-shams
tamponay
DIRECTIONS
Where is ...?
Go straight ahead.
Turn left.
Turn right.
at the (next) corner
at the traffic lights
behind
in front of
far (from)
near (to)
opposite
here
there
this address
north
south
east
west
beach
bridge
castle
main square
mosque
museum
old city
palace
ruins
sea
square
street
village
wayn ...?
tool
door al-lisaar
door al- limeen
fi iz-zaaweeya (il-gaadima)
fi simafaaroo
wara
guddaam
ba’eed (’ala)
greeb (min)
moogaabil
hinaa
ghaadee
haadha l-’unwaan
shamaal
janoob
sharg
gharb
il-bHar
il-gantara
il-gala’
is-saaHa l-kabeera
il-jaami’
il-matHaf
il-madeena
il-gasr
il-athaar
il-baHr
is-saaHa
ish-shaara’
al-qarya
LANGUAGE DIFFICULTIES
Do you speak English?
titkallim ingleeziyya?
Does anyone here
skhoon yitkallim bi l-ingleeziyya?
speak English?
254
L A N G UA G E • • N u m b e r s
lonelyplanet.com
How do you say ... in
Libyan Arabic?
What does ... mean?
I understand.
I don’t understand.
Please write it down.
Can you show me
(on the map)?
kifaash tagool ... bi lahja
leebeeya?
aash ta’nee ...
nifhim
ma nifhimsh
mumkin tiktibhaalee
mumkin twarreenee
(fi l- khareeta)?
PAPERWORK
name
nationality
date/place of birth
sex (gender)
passport
visa
Who?
What?
When?
Where?
How?
Which?
How many?
I’d like to buy ...
How much is it?
I don’t like it.
May I look at it?
I’m just looking.
It’s cheap.
It’s too expensive.
No more than ...
I’ll take it.
ism
jinsiyya
tareekh/maHal il-milâd
jins
jawaaz is-safar
tasheera
NUMBERS
Arabic numerals are simple to learn and,
unlike the written language, run from left
to right. Pay attention to the order of the
words in numbers from 21 to 99. When
followed by a noun, the pronunciation of
meeya
changes to
meet
for the numbers 100
and 300–900, and the noun is always used
in its singular form.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
1000
2000
sifr
٠
waaHid
١
ithneen
٢
thalaatha
٣
arb’a
٤
khamsa
٥
sitta
٦
sab’a
٧
thamaanya
٨
tis’a
٩
’ashra
١٠
Hadaasher
١١
ithnaasher
١٢
thlattaasher
١٣
arba’taasher
١٤
khamastaasher
١٥
sittaasher
١٦
saba’taasher
١٧
thamantāsh
١٨
tisa’tāsh
١٩
’ashreen
٢٠
waaHid oo ’ashreen
٢١
ithnayn oo ’ashreen
٢٢
thalatheen
٣٠
arba’een
٤٠
khamseen
٥٠
sitteen
٦٠
sab’een
٧٠
thamaneen
٨٠
tis’een
٩٠
meeya
(meet before a noun)
١٠٠
meeyatayn
٢٠٠
alf
١٠٠٠
alfayn
٢٠٠٠
QUESTION WORDS
shkoon?
shinnee/aash?
wagtaash?
wayn?
keefaash?
aama?
gaddaash min?
SHOPPING & SERVICES
inHebb nishree ...
bi-gaddaash haadha?
ma y’ajibneesh
mumkin inshoofu?
qa’ad inshoof bass
hiyya rakheesa
ghaalee shwayya
mush akthaar min ...
nishreeha
Can you give me ...?
tagder t’amelee ...?
a discount
takhfeedh
a good price
soom behee
Do you accept ...?
credit cards
traveller cheques
more
less
smaller
bigger
taakhudh ...?
karta
sheekaat siyaHiyya
akthir
agall
asghar
akbar
LANGUAGE
I’m looking for ...
inlowij ’ala ...
a bank
bank
the bazaar/market
is-soog
the city centre
wist il-blaad
the (...) embassy
as-sifaara (...)
an internet café
internet
café (as in English)
the post office
il-maktab bareed
the telephone centre
telfoon ’umoomee
the tourist office
maktab is-siyaaHa
I want to change ...
inHebb nijbid ...
money
floos
travellers cheques
sheekaat siyaHiyya

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