Anatomy, Physiology, & Pathology Complementary Therapists Level 2 & 3 3E (2014).pdf

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3rd Edition
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY
AND PATHOLOGY
for Complementary Therapists
Level 2 and 3
Francesca Gould
3rd Edition
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY
AND PATHOLOGY
for Complementary Therapists
Level 2 and 3
Francesca Gould
Text © Francesca Gould 2012
Original illustrations © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2012
The right of Francesca Gould to be identified as author of this
work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency
Limited, of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS.
Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims
for damages.
Published in 2012 by:
Nelson Thornes Ltd
Delta Place
27 Bath Road
CHELTENHAM
GL53 7TH
United Kingdom
12 13 14 15 / 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 1 4085 1569 3
Cover photograph by Shutterstock/VladGavriloff
Illustrations by Beehive Illustration
Page make-up by Hart McLeod Ltd, Cambridge
Printed and bound in Spain by GraphyCems
Acknowledgements
The author and the publisher would also like to thank the
following for permission to reproduce material:
Fig 2.6 iStockphoto/Beboy_ltd; Fig 2.7 iStockphoto/Jacob_Wackerhausen;
Fig 2.9 Science Photo Library/JOTI; Fig 2.10a&b Science Photo Library/
Kate Jacobs, Science Photo Library/Ian Hooton (3), Science Photo Library/
Lea Paterson, Science Photo Library; Fig 2.11 Science Photo Library/ISM;
Fig 2.12 Science Photo Library/Western Ophthalmic Hospital;
Fig 2.13 Science Photo Library/Dr. P Marazzi; Fig 2.14 Science Photo
.
Library; Fig 2.15 Science Photo Library/Dr. Chris Hale; Fig 2.16 Science
Photo Library; Fig 2.17 Science Photo Library/Dr. P Marazzi; Fig 2.18
.
Science Photo Library/Dr. P Marazzi; Fig 2.19 Science Photo Library/David
.
Parker; Fig 2.20 Science Photo Library; Fig 2.21 Science Photo Library/
Dr. P Marazzi; Fig 2.22 Science Photo Library/Dr. H.C. Robinson; Fig 2.23
Alamy/Stefan Sollfors; Fig 2.24 Science Photo Library/Dr. P Marazzi;
.
Fig 2.25 Science Photo Library/Custom Medical Stock Photo; Fig 2.26
Getty/Paul Burns; Fig 2.27 iStockphoto/fanelie rosier; Fig 2.28 Science
Photo Library/JOTI; Fig 2.29 Alamy/Medical-on-Line; Fig 2.30 Science
Photo Library; Fig 2.31 Alamy/Medical-on-Line; Fig 2.32 Science Photo
Library/Dr. Harout Tanielian; Fig 2.33 Science Photo Library/Dr. P Marazzi;
.
Fig 2.34 Science Photo Library; Fig 2.35 Science Photo Library/CNRI;
Fig 2.36 Science Photo Library/Dr. H.C. Robinson; Fig 2.37 Science Photo
Library/St Bartholomew’s Hospital; Fig 2.38 Science Photo Library/
Dr. Harout Tanielian; Fig 2.39 Science Photo Library/Dr. P Marazzi; Fig 2.40
.
Science Photo Library/Dr. P Marazzi; Fig 2.41 Science Photo Library/
.
Dr. P Marazzi; Fig 2.42 Science Photo Library/Jane Shemilt; Fig 2.43
.
Science Photo Library; Fig 2.44 Science Photo Library/James Stevenson;
Fig 2.47 Alamy/Medical-on-Line; Fig 2.48 Science Photo Library/John
Radcliffe Hospital; Fig 2.50 iStockphoto/Osuleo; Fig 2.52 Science Photo
Library/Dr. P Marazzi; Fig 2.53 Science Photo Library/John Radcliffe
.
Hospital; Fig 2.54 Science Photo Library/ Dr. P Marazzi; Fig 2.55 Science
.
Photo Library/Pascal Goetgheluck; Fig 2.56 Science Photo Library/
Dr. Harout Tanielian; Fig 2.57 iStockphoto/Clayton Cole; Fig 2.58 Science
Photo Library/ Dr. P Marazzi; Fig 2.59 Science Photo Library/
.
Dr. P Marazzi; Fig 2.60 Science Photo Library/Mike Devlin; Fig 2.61
.
Science Photo Library/ Dr. P Marazzi; Fig 2.62 © Mediscan; Fig 2.63
.
Science Photo Library; Fig 2.64 © Mediscan; Fig 2.65 © Wikimedia;
Fig 2.66 Science Photo Library/Dr. P Marazzi; Fig 2.67 Science Photo
.
Library/ Dr. P Marazzi; Fig 2.68 Science Photo Library/Dr. Harout Tanielian;
.
Fig 2.69 Science Photo Library/Dr. Jeremy Burgess; Fig 3.23 Science
Photo Library/Alex Bartel; Fig 7.2 Fotolia/Memi; Fig 8.1 iStockphoto/Baris
Simsek; Fig 8.2 iStockphoto/Henrik Jonsson; Fig 8.3 Fotolia/popyconcept;
Fig 8.17 iStockphoto/Diamond Images; Fig 9.9 Science Photo Library/
Dr. P Marazzi; Fig 12.1 iStockphoto/Christian Jasiuk
.
Fig 1.8 adapted from diagram of ‘Facilitated Diffusion’ Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies Inc; Fig 1.20 adapted from Great Ways to Learn
Anatomy & Physiology by Charmaine McKissock published by Palgrave
Macmillan (2009). Reproduced with the permission of Palgrave Macmillan;
Fig 12.3 adapted from DuoFertility.com © 2007-2012 Cambridge
Temperature Concepts Ltd.
Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders but if any have
been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to make the
necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Contents
Introduction
How to use this book
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Cells and tissues
Skin, hair, nails and common pathologies
Skeletal system and common pathologies
Muscular system and common pathologies
Nervous system and common pathologies
Endocrine system and common pathologies
Respiratory system and common pathologies
Cardiovascular system and common pathologies
Lymphatic system and common pathologies
Digestive system and common pathologies
Urinary system and common pathologies
Reproductive system and common pathologies
Glossary
Index
FREE answers and crosswords are available
on our Planet Vocational website
www.planetvocational.co.uk
iv
1
2
26
78
108
148
173
196
211
238
250
270
281
297
305
iii
Introduction
Welcome to the third edition of
Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for
Complementary Therapists.
This book contains twelve chapters, which each relate to a body system. It is
written primarily for those undertaking an anatomy and physiology course, and
those who are considering gaining professional qualifications in complementary,
beauty or sports therapy.
The requirements for both VTCT and ITEC anatomy and physiology qualifications
have been studied to ensure the book contains all that you need to pass these
courses. Being both VTCT and ITEC qualified, and having taught VTCT and ITEC
complementary and beauty courses myself, means that the book contains relevant
and important information to help you succeed and pass your exams.
The book has been reviewed by lecturers experienced in teaching VTCT and
ITEC qualifications to ensure it is fully up to date with the requirements of these
awarding bodies.
I have tried to explain complex information as simply as possible. Anatomy and
physiology isn’t an easy subject to understand, there are many Latin and Greek
names to learn, and understanding the way our incredible bodies work requires a
lot of commitment and hard work.
Included at the end of most chapters is a section on pathology. You would never
be expected to diagnose a disease or disorder, but it is important to have an
understanding of these conditions, as it is likely that during your career you will
come across people that may either suffer with a specific illness or have previously
suffered with one.
I hope you enjoy reading this book as much as I enjoyed writing it. A lot of effort
has been put into ensuring this book is user friendly and easy to understand, and
it assumes no previous knowledge of anatomy and physiology.
Whichever career path you decide to take, I wish you luck. With hard work and
perseverance you will do well in both your exams and career.
Francesca Gould
iv

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