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SOS: OUR B-24 IS FLYING SIDEWAYS!
A
THE WACs’ MUSEUM
WWII
The War
•
The Home Front
•
The People
AMERICA IN
DEMOCRACY 101
America Sends Nazi POWs
To Reform School
NIGHT FIGHTERS
Into Nocturnal Hunters
ORMOC: FINAL BATTLE FOR LEYTE
April 2016
IWO’s LIFE SAVERS
Dickey Chapelle Captures Medics on Film
Charles Atlas Bulks Up GIs
A
Bing’s Irish Lullaby
0
$5.99US $5.99CAN
04
74470 01971
8
Display until April 19, 2016
www.AmericaInWWII.com
WWII
The War
AM E RICA I N
•
The Home Front
•
The People
April 2016, Volume Eleven, Number Six
26
34
12
FEATURES
12
LATER ON LEYTE
Douglas MacArthur’s promised return to the Philippines was going well—except that Japanese reinforcements
kept pouring in. The 77th Infantry Division landed near Ormoc to fix that.
By Edward G. Miller
20
DAWN OF THE NIGHT FIGHTERS
Flying in the dark was treacherous under the best of conditions. Then came radar
to turn American Black Widows into fierce nocturnal hunters.
By Drew Ames
26
BLACK AND WHITE AND SCARLET
Dickey Chapelle wanted to photograph US medics in action. She found plenty of opportunities
in the bloody battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa.
By John Garofolo
34
UNCLE SAM’S NAZI REFORM SCHOOLS
Peppering POWs with propaganda violated the 1929 Geneva Convention.
But the War Department found a loophole for its Democracy 101 classes.
By Melissa Amateis Marsh
departments
2
KILROY
4
V-MAIL
6
HOME FRONT: Mr. Mail-Order Muscles
8
PINUP: Claire Trevor
10
LANDINGS: The US Army
Women’s Museum
40
WAR STORIES
44
I WAS THERE: Flying Sideways
56
BOOKS AND MEDIA
58
THEATER OF WAR:
Red Tails
61
78 RPM: “Too-Ra-Loo-Ra-Loo-Ral”
63
WWII EVENTS
64
GIs: “Son, Ask for the Engineers”
COVER SHOT:
The Northrop P-61 Black Widow wasn’t the only American fighter equipped with an advanced radar system for operating and
attacking enemy aircraft in the dark, but it was the best. Once Black Widows started arriving in Europe in May 1944, American pilots could match
their enemy counterparts in nighttime skies. The model in flight here is a P-61A, the first model that came off the Northrop assembly lines.
WIKIPEDIA
WWII
The War
AM E RICA I N
A
KILROY
WAS HERE
•
The Home Front
•
The People
March–April 2016 • Volume Eleven • Number Six
www.AmericaInWWII.com
PUBLISHER
My Own Struggle
M
EIN
K
AMPF
IS BACK
. In German in Germany, that is. It’s always been available in
English in America, but in its native land, copyright law kept it from being legally
published for the past 70 years. Some people are furious about the work’s return to print.
Just released in January, the new edition is 2,000 pages. That makes it longer than the
typical printing of the King James Bible. A large part of that is new, added by a five-
person team of scholars from the Institute of Contemporary History who labored three
years and wrote 3,500 academic-style annotations.
Adolf Hitler wrote his infamous book in jail after leading a failed coup in Munich. It’s part
memoir, part anti-Jewish rant, part political-party platform, and part tract on obtaining
power. With a mix of truths, half-truths, and lies, he expounds his theories of racial hier-
archy, the importance of territory, the use of violence, and dictatorship. His thinking was,
as the new edition’s introduction puts it, “half-baked, incoherent and difficult to read.”
Originally published in two volumes in 1925 and 1927,
Mein Kampf
sold 12 million
copies between 1933 and 1945. Then the Allies won the war, banned its publication,
and turned the copyright over to Bavaria, Germany’s largest state. Bavaria sat on it.
That copyright expired on December 31, 2015—70 years after the author’s death.
Promptly, the institute released its enormous edition. For the Euro equivalent of $64,
any German can now study Hitler’s thinking in its original language in a legally
sanctioned printing.
Critics argue that resurrecting the work dignifies it. But supporters point out that some
editions that have appeared in English and other languages over the years cut out
some of the most disturbing passages on violence and race, sparing readers discomfort
but creating an impression of a less horrible Hitler.
I’ve quoted Edmund Burke in this column before: “Those who don’t know history are
doomed to repeat it.” The opposite—those who do know history won’t repeat it—isn’t
necessarily true. But as editor of a magazine committed to preserving history, I’ll stick
with the belief that shedding light on dark stretches of the past is beneficial. It may not
always have the intended results, but letting dangerous ideas survive out of our view,
to be taken up by the ignorant while we look away, doesn’t help either. Better to expose
them for what they are.
With the caveat that I haven’t read the new work (it’s only in German right now—
and it’s 2,000 pages), I support at least the
idea
of this new printing of a world-changing
book, and the level of effort expended on putting it in proper context. As institute
director Andreas Wirsching said, “It would be completely irresponsible to allow this
jumble of inhumanity to be released into the public domain without commentary,
without countering it through critical references that put the text and its author in their
place.” I’m all for putting Hitler and his book—and any potential present-day
acolytes—in their place.
James P. Kushlan, publisher@americainwwii.com
EDITOR
Carl Zebrowski, editor@americainwwii.com
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Eric Ethier
BOOKS AND MEDIA REVIEWS EDITOR
Allyson Patton
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
Michael Edwards • Robert Gabrick
Tom Huntington • Joe Razes
ART & DESIGN DIRECTOR
Jeffrey L. King, jking@americainwwii.com
CARTOGRAPHER
David Deis, Dreamline Cartography
ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT
Megan McNaughton, admin@americainwwii.com
EDITORIAL OFFICES
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ADVERTISING
Sales Representative
Marsha Blessing
717-731-1405, mblessing@americainwwii.com
Ad Management
Megan McNaughton
717-564-0161, admaterials@americainwwii.com
CIRCULATION
Circulation and Marketing Director
Heidi Kushlan
717-564-0161, hkushlan@americainwwii.com
A Publication of 310 PUBLISHING, LLC
CEO
Heidi Kushlan
EDITORIAL DIRECTOR
James P. Kushlan
AMERICA IN WWII
(ISSN 1554-5296) is published
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America in WWII
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