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TEABBEBS &©SCIU§Z&©.
Harper's Stereotype Edition,
TIIE
•HISTORY OF POLAND
FROM THE
EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME.
BY JAMES FLETCHER, ESQ.
of trinity
C
ollege
, C
ambridge
.
WITH A
«
NARRATIVE OF THE RECENT EVENTS
Obtained from a Polish Patriot Nobleman.
NEW-Y
PUBLISHED BY HARPER** BROTHERS,
NO.
82
CLIFF-STREET.
ADVERTISEMENT
#
T
he
singular orthography of the names is not
the least difficulty we have to encounter in the
minutiaT of Polish history, and it has been greatly
increased by the attempts of most writers to reduce
them nearer to their pronunciation. Chevalier, in
his Preface to the “ Histoire de la Guerre des
Cosaques,” published in 1663, justly complains
of the custom of authors, even in his time, to
“ estropier,” as he terms it, these words; and the
Revue Encyclopedique also points out the absurdity
of it. The Author has endeavoured to give the
Polish spelling as correctly as possible, and sub­
joins the following hints for pronunciation, taken
principally from the “Letters, Literary and Po­
litical, on Poland, Edinburgh, •1823.”
All vowels are sounded as in French and Italian;
and there are no dipthongs, every vowel being pro­
nounced distinctly. The consonants are the same
as in English, except
w
, which is sounded like
v,
at the beginning of a word ;
thus, Warsawa—
Varsafa;
in the middle or at the end of a
word it has the sound of/, as in the instance already cited;
and Narew—
Nareff.
c,
like
tz,
and never like
ki
thus, Pac is sounded
Patz.
g,
like
g
in Gibbon ; thus
Oginski.
ch,
like the Greek £ or
k;
thus, Lech—
Lek
.
cz,
like the English
tch
in pitch; thus, Czaxtoiyski pro­
nounced
Tcharioryski.
szy
like
sh
in
shape;
thus, Staszyc like
Stashyte.
szczy
like
shtch;
thus, Szczerbiec like
Shlcherbietz
.
rz,
like
j
in
je
y
with a slight sound of r; thus, Rzewusld
—
Rjevuski.
The Author gladly avails himself of jthe present
opportunity to express his thanks for the commu­
nication so kindly furnished by E. H. Barker, Esq.
8
ADVERTISEMENT.
I
CONTENTS.
10
o
ini
te
thi
us
19J
t-
CHAPTER I.
Remote History-Ancient Records—Historians—Three Periods of Po-
lish History—Military Despotism—Dethronement of Popiel—Piast’s
Accession—Piast Dynasty—State of Poland—Accession of Miec-
zylas—Introduction of Christianity—Boleslas the Great—Invested
with Regal Dignity—Defeats the Russians—Is again victorious—
Obtains the Name of “the Terrible”—Casimir I.—Polish Revolu­
tion-Insurrection of the Serfs—Casimir recalled from Exile—Bo­
leslas II. takes Kiow—Infidelity of the Polish Women—Murder of
the Bishop of Cracow—Boleslas excommunicated and dethroned—
His Character—Anecdotes—Polish Militia—Campaigns of Boleslas
IV.—Reign of Casimir II., called the Just—The Teutonic Knights—
Casimir the Great—Formation of the Diet—Polish Laws—Pacta
Conventa—End of the Piast Dynasty...............................................Page 13
CHAPTER IL
Hedwiga marries Jagellon, Duke of Lithuania—Jagellon Dynasty com­
mences 1386—Lithuanians—Their Origin, Religion, and History-
Union with Poland—Union of the Romish and Greek Churches—
Jagellon defeats the Teutonic Knights—Wladislas succeeds, 1433-
Defeats the Sultan Amurath—Is killed in the Battle of Varna—Casi­
mir IV.—Subdues the Teutonic Knights—Polish Prussia added to the
Kingdom—Origin of the Polish Diets, 1468—State of Learning in
Poland under Casimir—Printing introduced—John Albert, 1492-
Ascendency of the Nobles—Alexander—Sigismund I.—Annihilation
of the Teutonic Knights—Sigismund Augustus—Order of the Livo­
nian Knights suppressed—Union with Lithuania consolidated—State
of Learning under Sigismund—Copernicus—Zaluzianski, the Polish
Linnaeus—Religious Toleration—Trade of the”Jews—Termination
of the Jagellon Dynasty, 1572—Remarks on this Period..................Page 44
CHAPTER m.
Poland becomes an elective Monarchy—Religious Toleration—Henry
of Anjou elected—Henry absconds—Stephen Batory—Introduces the
Jesuits—Disciplines the Cossacks—Origin, Manners, &c. of the Cos­
sacks—Sigismund III., Prince of Sweden, elected—Swedes revolt, and
expel Sigismund—Demetrius, the Russian Impostor—War with Rus­
sia—The Poles take Moscow, and carry the Czar Prisoner to Warsaw
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