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Volume4
Issue
43
CONTENTS
Modern Tracked
Infantry
Vehicles
Development
of
the APC
to
the
Iw
842
AIvIX-lOP
mechanized infantry
combat
vehicle
w4
AMX VCI infantry combat
vehicle
tV432
umoured
personnel
canier
MCV-80
infantry combat
vehicle
u4
845
846
846
Consultant Editor: Major
General Sir
Jeremy Moore
KCB OBE MG,
Comman-
der
of
British
Land
Forces
during
the
Falklands campaign.
28846
Pnnted
in
Great Britain
bv The
Artisan Press
Ltd
VCC infantry armoured
fightingvehicle
Muder
mechanized infantry
combat
vehicle
Pbv
umoured
personnel cafi
ier
MOWAG Tornado mecharized infantry combat
vehicle
ut
ut
848
849
MACHINE
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[ii!
rjS \.arry.
(iv):
Lindsay peacock.
l{odernTrachd
Infantruhhides
Arising
out
of
a
need
for
infufiry
to accompany
tanlcs
in
aetion, the
atmoutedpetsonnel
cawier
has
for
alongtime
been
little
more
tharn
ur
'atmoured
bus',
d,elivering
infantry
to
the
hattlefield
where
they
fought on
foot,
In
recent
yeats,
howeve4 a
dranatic
change
has
taken place,
with the
evolution of
the
infantry frghting
vehicle,
Modern
rnfantry
play
a key
part
in
the
combined arms concept
of
mechanized warfare that
also
includes
tanks
and reconnaissance vehi-
cles,
artillery,
anti-tank
systems,
engineers,
logistic
support and army
aviation.
In
order
to
keep
up and
operate with
tanks the
infantry
has to
be
carried
in
tracked
or
wheeled
armoured vehicles,
Some
countries, for
example France
and
the
Soviet Union, have
a
mix
of
wheeled armoured
personnel carriers and tracked armoured personnel
carriers/mecha-
nized infantry
combat
vehicles,
The
former are cheaper to
build
and
operate, and have
greater
strategic
mobility
as
they can
travel
at
high
speeds
on
roads,
The
full-tracked
vehicles,
on the
other
hand,
normally
have
much improved armour protectton, greater cross-country
mobility
and
heavrer armament than
their wheeled
counterparts,
In
the
1960s
armoured personnel carriers
such as
the
Mll3
were
introduced
that
were
only armed
wlth
a
7.62-mm
(0
3-in)
ot
12.7-mm
(0 5-1n)
machine-gun
in
an
unprotected
mount to
provide
suppressive
fire
while
the
infantry dismounted and
fought on foot, The
more modern
mechanized inlantry fightlng
vehicle
(or
infantry frghting vehicle
as
lt
is
also
called)
not
only
has
improved
armour
protection
but
is
usually
fitted
with
a
turret-mounted weapon
that can
range from
20
mm (for example
the
West German
Marder
and French
AMX-l0P)
right
up to
73
mm
(the
Sovret BMP), It
also has
a
co-axial machine-gun
to
engage
solter
targets,
and some even have anti-tank
guided
weapons on
their
turrets
so that
they can
also
engage enemy
tanks.
In addition the
embarked
rnfantry-
men
are
provided
wlth
firing
ports
and
vlsion devices
to
enable them
to
engage unprotected infantry as
the vehicle
crosses
the
battlefield,
although the
actual
value ol this feature
is
open
to
debate, The modern
personnel
carrier
of
whatever
type
also has a
full range
of
night-vision
The
years since Independence have
seen
Israel's army
become
possibly the
most
highly
mechanized in
theworld.In
order
tor
infantry
to
support
the
tank
forces,Israeloperates theMI
I3
in
numbers
second
only
totheUnifedStafes.
equipment
for the
commander, gunner
and
driver
and
an
NBC system to
enable
it
to
operate
on
a
contaminated battlefield;
and in most cases it
is
fully
amphibious,
Very
often the armoured personnel
carrier
is
the
basrc
member
of
a
whole
famrly
of
vehicles
that share many components,
with obvious
cost
and
loqlstical
advantages to the
user,
In
a
number
of
recent conflicts in
the
Middle
East,
tanks have
tried
to
fight
alone
without
the use of
mechanized infantry.
In almost
every
case
they have failed: without the
rnfantry, tanks cannot always
take
thetr
objective, and moreover (perhaps even more important)
rf
they
do
take
lt
they
cannot subsequently
hold
it
against an all-arms counterattack,
The M
I
I
3 has
become
the most
widely
used personnel
carrier
in
the
world,
with
more
than 50
nations
operating thevehicle.
Since
1960
more
than 75,000
have
been
produced,with
newmodels still
being
developed.If
iasseen
actionmany
times,
most
notablyin theMiddleEastandwith
theUS
Armyin
SouthEastAsia.
Developmenf
of
fhe
APC
to
fhe
IFV
rhe
rn
obrle ba
ttlefi
el
d
which
h
as been
ev
olving
s
ince
the
end
of
w
orld w
ar
I h
as
reCured
t!-e
infantry
to
match
the
mobility
of
other
arms.
For
most of
that
time,
the
a-t-rnouredpe
rsonnel
carrier
has
delivered
the soldier
to
the
front
line, but
combat
iras
sfil/
taken
place
on
foot.
Recent
developments, however,
have
concentrated on
Nowing
inlantrymen
to
fight from specially developed vehicles alongside
the
tanks.
trucks and other equipment needed
in
large
numbers
by
true
mechanized
forces,
The
Sovret Unron
completely neglected
armoured
personnel carriers during World
War II, although
machine-gmn
carriers
were
in
sewice on a large
scale
when
Germany
rn-
vaded
in
1941.
These
lacked
the armour
pro-
tection and
firepower
necessary
to
ensure
their survival
on
the
intense
battlefield
oi
the
early
days
of the war,
and they
soon
dis-
appeared from front-line
use
to relegation
as
artillerytowing
vehictes and
supply
carriers,
By
the
time
the
United
States
entered
World
War II
the half-track armoured personnel car-
rier
was already
in
production and this
was
subseqlently
issued on
a
wide
scale,
not only
to
the
United
States
but also
to
the Soviet
Union
horses
to
puli their artillery,
The
rapid
expan-
sion of the German army
in
the
tate
tg30shad
not
been matched by sufficient numbers
of
the
the
worid,
Israel
being
the largest user.
The
main
drawbacks
of the half-track
were
that
its
front axle was unpowered,
which iimited
lts
cross-country performance, and that
its
open-
years after the last
half{racks
ieft the
produc-
tion lines,
the
type
is
still used
in
mannparts
of
countless conflgurations,
includinq
self-
propelled
anti-aircraft gun
systems
and
tank
destroyers, to name but two,
Today,
over
40
and
other Allies including
the
United Kingdom.
Over
40,000
of
these vehicles
were built
rn
topped
ftoop
compartment
left the
infantry
vulnerable to
small arms
fire
and shell
splin-
ters,
3nce
the
German advance
in the
early
days
of
-I
orld War
i
had been brought
to a halt,
static
-,';arfare
rapidly
became
the
norm and
adv-
ances
in
most
cases
were
subsequently mea-
sured
in
very short distances
at
the cost
oftens
ci
thousands
of men
killed
and wounded.
The
arrival
of
the British tanks
1n 1916
dramatrcaliy
reduced the
losses
of the
lnfantry,
for
these
new
vehicles
could
normally cross
the
bat-
iefield
swept
by
machine-gmn
fire
and
shell
spiinters, overcome
German
trenches
and
barbed-wire
entanglements, and
finally
neut-
ralize
machine-gnrn positions. The
infantry nor-
mally
followed
as
close
to
the tank
as
posslble
but was strll vulnerabie
to
machlne-gun and
rifle fire
that had not
been
neutralized. When
the
tanks
had punched
a
hole in the
German
defences, whlch
were
normally constructed
in
Although
the M2
Bradley
IFV
is
nowbeing
introduced into theAmerican
army theMJ
13wil|
remain in
sewice
well
into
the
next century.
At
present
some
20
,000 are
in
use
in
a
wide
variety
ot
roles.
The M
I
I 3
above
(operated by
the
I
st
Cavalry)
is
accompanied
by
two
M577
command
posts
during Exercise'Reforger'83'.
were
both noisy and gave
off fumes that
made
them
sick,
The
end of the war
brought
any
further
development
of
troop-carrying
vehi-
cles to
a
close and from then
on, in
Allied
eyes
at
least, the tank was seen
mainly
as
an
infantry
depth,
the idea
was that the horsed cavalry
rnould
then foliow through and
exploit
the
breakthrough, But this
rarely
happened,
the
cavalry and
its
horses
proving even
more
lrrlnerable
to enemy weapons than
the
infan-
try
In
1917
the British used
a
number
of tanks
in
the
supply
role to carry up to the
front line
wgently-needed supplies of
ammunition and
food, and sometimes
they were
used to
carry
troops
forward
as
well,
In the
followingr
year
a
Mk
V
tank was
modrfied specifically
for use
as
a
troop carrier, its slde
sponsons
being
re-
moved
and the
vehicle being fitted with
sliding
doors
and
seats.
Similar conversions
were
car-
rled
out on
other
marks
in
France
during
the
same
year, and some examples
were
used in
the
troop-carrying role
in the
Battle of
Amiens
during August
1918.
The
main
drawback
of
these
conversions
was that the troops
normally
highly mobile
forces
could
outmanoeuvre
Allied
units
in
France
in
1940,
and
with
close
co-operation
from
Stuka
dive-bomber
and
other
aircraft, qurckly neutralized
any enemy
in
therr path,
It
is
widely
thought that
all
German
perhaps
the Soviet Union, the
UK
and
Germany
taking
the
lead,
These
mechanized forces nor-
mal1y
comprised
tanks,
tankettes, infantry car-
ried
in
lorries
and
towed
artillery
weapons and
anti-aircraft guns.
Some
countries
also
started
the
development
of
tracked vehicles
for
towlng
the
artillery,
and some
self-propelled artillery
weapons
were
also
designed,
The main
role
of
the infantry was
still
seen
as
it beinq
taken
as
near
to
its
objective as possible
in
trucks,
whereupon
it
would
dismount
and follow
the
tanks on
foot,
The Germans,
however, fully understood the
requirements
of
mechanized force
and
not
only
developed
tanks and
mobiie
assault
guns but
also
half{racked
armoured personnel
carriers
to
carry
the infantry and
its
equipment.
These
In
the
1920s
and
1930s
the
major powers
carried out
considerable
experiments with
mechanized forces
on
different
scales,
with
support vehlcle,
observation
post vehlcles.
Half-tracks were
also
introduced lbter
in the
war,
but
there
were
never
enough to go round.
Worid
War
IIfinally
dispeiled
anyremaining
doubts
that
the infantry should be
carried
oniy
in
unarmoured trucks, and
most
of the majoi
powers
soon
started
the
development
of
armoured
personnel carriers.
Most
of
the
armoured personnel carriers de-
vehicles,
command/radio
vehicles
and
To enable troops to
be
carried under
fire,
Canada
took turrets
off
Ram
tanks and
con-
verted them
into
armoured personnel carriers,
which were first
used
during the
assault on
Boulogne
ln
1944
with
the name
Ram
Kangaroo,
So
successful
were
these
vehicles
that similar
conversions
were carried
out
on
105-mm
(4,
13-
in)
MZ Priest
self-propelled
howrtzers
(subse-
quently
called
the Prlest Kangaroo) and
Sher-
man tanks (Sherman
Kangaroo),
For
much of
World
War
il
the
British army
used the
Bren Gun
Carrier, mainly
to
carry the
mortars
and
machine-guns
of
rnfantry
batta-
lions, although
there
were
developed
numer-
ous
specialized versions
such
as
flame-thrower
arrrved in
no
condition
to fight,
ior
on leaving
the vehrcle they had no
clear
idea of the
sur-
rounding area and the two engines
of
the tank
842
forces
were
mechanized
with
armoured vehi-
cles by
the
early part
of
World
War
Il,
but
weli
into the
war
many German units
still relied
on
Anybattle
is
likely
lo cause
casua,lties,
and
evacuating wounded
from
the
battlefield
is
difficult.
The
problem
has
been
eased
by
the
adaptationof
APCs to
the
ambulancerole,
demonstrated
by an
Israeli medical evacuation
version
oI
the
American
M
I
I
3A
I
APC.
ffi':F
:,
=,=::
:
&
='::=,=r.'=
:=-:;t-:r;irE-
#:E?;"=..
*,
'';:.=
The M2
Bradley allows
infantry
to
fight
from within
the
protection
of
their
vehicle.
This
retouched
photograph
indicates the ports for 5.56-mm
(0.22-
in)
rifle fire,
togetherwith
the main
25-mmweapon
with
co-axial
7.62-mm
(0. 3
-in)
m
achine-
gun. With
TOW
anti-tankmrssilesmounf
ed on
its
turret,
the
Bradley
has
the
potential
to
tackle
everything from
infantry
on
foot
through
light armouredvehicles
to
main
battle
tanks.
ly
the
enemy's
armoured personnel
carriers.
The
25-mm
cannon
of
the M2 Bradley infantry
flghting vehicle
and
the
30-mm
cannon of
the
new
British
MCV-80
will
not only defeat
any
Soviet
vehicles
of this
type bui
also
penetrate
the
side armour
of
main battle
tanks,
The
'Sag-
ger'
ATGW of the
BMP
and TOW of the
M2
Bradley enables
the
vehicle
to
engage enemy
tanks
before the latter
can,
in
theory, engage
the missile-flring vehicle, The new-generation
vehicles
such
as
the
M2 and
MCV-80
ar:
however, much more expensive
than the
r,er--
cles they are
replacing
or supplementing
(.r=
Ml13
and
the FV432)
and they
will
never
re-
bas:s
place
these vehicles on a one-for-one
tem enabling them
to
operate
in
an
NBC-
contaminated area,
and
also
a
ful1
range :.
passive
nrght-vrsron
equipment
to
enable
crews to
see and
fight in
darkness,
The
new vehicles normally
have
an
NBC
s,.'s'
:l:-:
veloped
up
untrl
the
1950s
were
designed
-r,rhere
:nainly
to
transport the infantry
across
country,
it
drsmounted
to fight on
foot,
These
APCs
were
normally provided with
suffictent
armour protection
to protect the crews
and
:roops from small
arms
flre
and shell splinters,
ind
were
armed
with
a
7,62-mm
(0 3-tn)
nachine-gun in
an
unprotected
mount,
By
the
1960s
and
1970s,
the
requirement had
:nanged and new vehicles
such
as
the
West
lerman
Marder and
Soviet BMP started
to
:nerge,
Not only
did
these have much super-
.-r
armour protection, but
also feature
provi-
.
-n
for the
troops
to
fire
their
weapons from
.'.'.:hrn
the vehicle
if
so
requlred,
thereby
=:-abiing a
rapid rate
of advance
to be
main-
:":-,ed They
are also
fitted with more
powerful
'':ipons, a
73-mm
(2
87-in)
'Sagger'
ATGW
,::::cher
in the
case of
the
BMP,
and
a 20-mm
r:::on
in the
case of
the
Marder
The
provi-
..::
ci more powerful
armament
has
enabled
.
^::
MICVs
(or
IFVs) not
only
to
engage
=:..:-'l
troops but, more
important,
:::-.:
-rred
vehicles
other
on
the
battlefield, espectai-

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