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Volume5
Issue
53
CONTENTS
Soviet and
American
Tanks of
World
War
II
LightTaltkMS
t042
1042
tight
Tank M24
Chaffee
MediumTattkM3
MediumTankM4
Tank
Armament
19
18-
1945
Consultant
Editor:
Maior
General Sir
Jeremy Moore
KCB OBE
MC, Comman-
der
of
British
Land
Forces
during the
Falklands campaign.
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urd
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Picture
aclanowledgements
1042:
Inpedal
War
Editorial:
Trisha Palmer
Chris Bishop
Jon
Lake
Chris Chant
MEem.
lO44:
Imperiat
We
Mrem
l0{5:
Irnperial
Wd
Msem.
l(N?:
Imperial
Wil
l(M8: Imperial
Wa
Mueum^mperial
Wil
Mreun/hnperial
Wd
Mseu.
1049:
Imperial
Wa
M$eum,/lmpedal
Wa
Mmeum,/US
Marine
Corps
1052:
knperial
War
Msem.
l05il:
Imperial
Wa
MNeum,/lmpedal War
Msem. lot{:
Irnperial
Wil
Mwumnmperial
War
Mwem.
1055:
TASMmperial
Wa Muem.
1058:
Imperial
Wd
Mreum/IASS.
1059;
Imperial
Wil
Mreun/lmperial
Wil Muem
1060:
Irnperial War
Mseur/Imperial
Wd
Mreum/TASS.
(iii):
US
Air
Force.
(iv):
US
Air
Force.
Muem.
Sodetand
AmericqnTanks
of
Wbrld\Ihrll
Nowhere
in
the coutse of
World
War
II
was
the
industrial
might
of
what
were
to become the
supetltowets
more
evident
than
in
the
production of armoured vehicles, Manufacture
of
such
war-witning
weapons as
the
M4
Sherman
and the
Soviet
T-34 was
on
a scale
that
the
Axk
could
not hope to
match.
The Souiet I{V-
i
heavy tank
seen
here
in I
939
was one
of
the
most
powertul
in
seruice
at the
outbreak
of
war.
Constant
developmentwas
to lead
to
thepotentlS-2
by
1945.
But
if any
of
the
tanks
tend
to
overshadow
their
fellows they
must
be
the Sherman and the
T-34.
Together they made major contributions
to
the
final
Allied victory over
Germany, and
so
ensured
that
their
names
were recorded
in history.
Both
had
their
faults,
The
T-34
was
cramped
The tanks
described here include
some
of the best known
names of
World War II.
In these pages
will
be
found the
Sherman,
the
T-34,
the
Lee and the
Grant,
but
also
included are
some
sliqhtly
lesser known
names,
Few outside the
Soviet Union
can be familiar with
the
little
T-70
Iight tank, but in
its
day
it
was numerically
an
important part
of
the Red
Army
tank fleet, along
with the
almost
equally
unknown
T-26.
The numbers
and
fame
of the
T-34
and
the various
Shermans
have
tended to obliterate the fact
that
between
1939
and
1945
there were
many types
of
tank
lurching
around the battlefields, Despite the needs
for harsh standardization to
boost mass
production
totals, no
combatant
was
able
to say at any
time
that onty one
specific
tank
type wouid
be
produced.
Constant
supply
and
demand
fluctuatlons
prevented
any
such
thing, although
at
one
point the
Soviets got
very
close to it
with
the
T-34,
Also, tanks
were
generally retained
in
service
for
as
long
as
possible,
sometimes
until they
had
been outdated
or
rendered
obsolete
by
events,
Thus
the M3 series
of
American
hgtht
tanks
carried
on
right
through
the
war, long
after
there
was
no
longer
a
place
on
the
battlefield
for their originai
services,
inside
and manufactured
to a
standard that was almost
crude.
The
Sherman was
high, Iacked armour protection
and was almost
constantly
undergnrnned.
But
both types
possessed
the
key
factor
of
mobility
and
avallability,
and in
war
these can go far towards
tipplng
the balance of
fortune towards one side
or
another.
By
1944
both the
T-34
and
the
Sherman
were
instrumental
in forcing
the German army
back
towards
the borders
of its
homeland,
and
for
that alone they
will
always
be
remembered.
An
Anerican
M
4
S
herman head
s
towards
the G
othic
Line in
I
taly.
I
n spite
of a
certain
vulnerability
to
the
larger
enemy
tanks,
the Sherman
was
produced in
extremely large
numbers,
and
those
numbers
proved
decisive.
ffi
there were
ilisht
rank
M3
American light
tank
development
can
be
traced
back to
the
i920s when
several infantry-support
light
tanks
were developed
in small numbers,
By
a
the
early
1930s
these designs
had
series ofdesigns
all
using
evolved into the Light Tank
Mil,
and
the
M2
desiemation.
For its day
this
series
were
guite
well
armed,
with
a
37-mm
(1.46-in)
main
gnrn,
but
by
1940
the type
was at
best
obsolescent and
was used
only
for
training
after
reaching
its
apogee
with the
M2A4
model.
The events
of
1940
in
Europe
were
followed closely
by
the
US Army,
which
realized that
thicker
armour
would
be required by
its
light
tanks.
This involved
a better
suspension
to
carry the extra weight and the
result
was the
light
Tank
M3,
based general-
Iy on
the M244.
It
was
in firll-scale
pro-
duction
by
194i, and
mass
production
of the
M3Al
really
got
under way once
the
USA
had
entered the
war,
Early
versions
used
riveted
construction, but
welded
hrrrets and evenhrally
welded
TheLightTankM3Al wasthemaincombatversionottheM2/M3Eght
lanksen'es jn sena'ce
whentheUnitedSlates
enteredthewar
inlate
l94l.Itmounteda37-mm
(1.456-in)
maingan, and therewas
provisionfor
three
machine-guns.
with
petrol and diesel
engrines)
fitted
with a
gyrostabilized gun,
power-
traverse
turet
and
h:rret
basket, and
the
product-improved
M3A3
(Stuart
V)
sign changes.
By
the time
M3
produc-
tion ceased
5,8I
I
had
been built.
Basic
armament
of
the
M3AI
was one 37-mm
(1.46-in)
gun
with
a co-axial
7.62-mm
(0.3-in) machine-gnrn,
and four
other
7,62-mm (0,3-in) machine-gnrns (one
on
the
turet
roof
for AA
defence, one
in
the hull front
and two
fixed
in the
spon-
hulls
were
successively introduced,
and there
were
also
many detail de-
with a larger drivinq
compartment,
sons
for
operation
by
the
driver).
Armour thicloess ranged ftom
15
mm
(0.59
in)
to
43
mm
(I.69
in),
The Light
Tank M3 was used
where-
ver
the
US
Army
was invoived, It
proved
to be a
thoroughly reliable
vehicle
and was
gEeatiy
hked
by
its
crews,
Large
numbers
of
M3s were
passed
to
the
USA's
alltes,
and
the
Iargest
recipient
was
the
UK,
where
the
M3 was known
as
the
Stuart.
To
British eyes
the
Stuart
was
large
for
a
light
tank,
but crews
soon
learned
to
appreciate
the mppiness and
reliabil-
ity
of
the vehicle.
One
thing they
did
not particularly
like
was the fact
that
two
main
types
of
engine were fitted
to
different
versions:
the normal
engine
thicker
armour
and
no sponson
gnrns.
The
37-mm (1.46-in)
gnln
was
re-
tained throughout
the
production life
of
the M3,
By
1944
it
had
very little
com-
bat
value, so many M3s
and
Shrarts
sewing with
reconnaissance units had
the hrrret removed to
assist conceal-
ment. Extra
machine-gnrrs
were
car-
ried
instead,
Many
of these
hffietless
M3s
were
employed as
command
vehicles by
armoured formation com-
manders but
these
were
not
the
only
variations upon the
M3
theme. The M3
was
widely
used for
all
manner of ex-
il
VI,
the
same desigmation
berng
used
for the MSAI with
an
improved turret
havlng
a bulged rear
ior
radio
(as
on
the
M3A3),
British service the M5
was'je
Stuart
periments
that
ranged from
mine-
was
a
Continental
?-cylinder
radial
petrol
engane (Stuart
D
but in
order
to
expedite production
at a
time
of high
demand the
Guiberson
T-1020
diesel
clearing
expedients
to
flame-throwers
of
severai kinds.
Some
vehicles were
used
for carrying self-propelled artil-
lery, but
none
were accepted
for ser-
vice,
There
was
even
an
anti-aircraft
version.
With
the
Aliies
the
M3/Shrarts
were
used
foom
the North African
campatgm
onwards.
Some
were
passed
to
the
Red
Army under Lend-Lease arrange-
ments.
The Light Tank
M5 was
a
de-
velopment powered by twin Cadillac
engdnes
that was
otherwise
gtenerally
similar
to the M3
series
but was
recog-
nizable by
the
raised rear decking that
accommodated
the twin
engiines,
In
TheMl(andtheMi)serieswere
i;
usedbymanyAlliedarmiesfor l_
reconnarssance.Tfusexampler's
F
sennegotiatinganimprovised
I ii
Germai
roadbl'ock
ouiside
Harze
in (&
Belgium
during
the
late summer
of
191lf
7
range
I
I
2.
6
lcn
(70
miles)
;
fording
0.9I
m
(3 ft);
grradient
60
per
cent;
verticalobstacle
0,61
m
(2 ft);
trench
t.83 m
(6
ft)
lightTankM3Al
Crew:4
Weight:
in
action
I
2.
927
tonnes
Powerplant:
one
Continental W-3?G
9A
7-cylurder radial petrol
engt:e
developing
186.5
kW(250 hp)
Dimensions: length
4.il
m (14
ir
I0,75 in);
width2.24m(7 ft4 n)t heisht
2,30
m
(7
ft6.5 in)
Specification
sometimes caused
logistic
supply
probiems
but
it
was
a
engine
was
substihrted
(Stuart
II). This
burden
the
AIIies
Iearned
to survive.
Major
variants
were
the
MSAI
(Stuan
III
and Stuart
IV
Performance: maximum
road
speed
58
krn/h
(36
mph);
maximumroad
E
i,inn
Tank MzlChaffee
bomber aircraft for anti-shipping
use,
and in
this
form the
TI3Ei
was easily
adapted
as
a Iight tank weapon,
The new
light
tank was
initiallY
known
as
the
T24
but
when accepted
for
sewice it
became the Light
Tank
M24
and was later qiven the
name
Chaffee.
It
was not in
full sewice until
late
1944,
and
thus
was
able to
take
only
a
small
part
in
the
fighting
in
Ewope
during
1945.
Perhaps
its biq-
gest
contribution
was not
really
felt
un-
By
1942
it
was
evident
that
the
day of
the 37-mm
(i.46-in)
tank
gnrn
had pas-
sed,
and
reguests
were
coming
from
the field
for a
light
tank
with
a
75-mm
propelled
artillery, anti-aircraft
tanics
a
gmn
into the Liqht
Tank
M5
were
unsuccessful,
so
a
new
design
was
started
by
Cadillac.
The
first
was
(2.95-in) matn
gn:n.
Attempts
to
fit
such
and
so
on, In fact this concept
did
not
make the impresion that it
might
have
done
as
the
war
ended before it
cou-ld
be put
into
fr:ll
effect, and
indeed
the
M24
did
not
make its full
combat im-
pact
until
the Korean
War
of
the
early
I950s,
ready by late
1943
and
it carried over
several
fieatures
of the M5, including
the
tlvin
engines, but the
marn
change
was to
the turret and
gnrn.
The new
tufiet
mounted
the
re-
quired
75-mm (2,95-in)
gnrn,
whose de-
velopment was
lengrthy.
Originally
it
had been the
old French'75'field
wn
altered for
use
in
tanks,
Various effods
were
made to lighten the eun to
the
extent
that
it could be mounted in
B-25
r042
tank,
well
armed
ior
its
size
and
weight, but the
armour
(minimum
l2mrn/0,47
The
M24
was
a
good-looking little
in
and
maximum
38
mm/
mm
(0,3-in)
machine-gnrns
(one
co-
axial
with
the main
gnrn
and one in the
front hull) and
a
l2.7.mm
(0.5-in) qun
on
the
turet
mounted on
a
pintle.
To
til
the
war
was
over, for the
M24 was
desigmed
to be only
a
part
of
what the
1,S-in)
had
to
be lighter
than in
heavier
designers
called
armoured vehicles, The idea was that
a
common
chassts
could
be
used
to
provide
the
basis
for
a
whole family
of
armoured vehicles
that
included
self-
a
tanks to
give
the
vehicle
its
agility. The
'combat team' of
M24
had
a
surprisingly large crew of
five men (commander,
gn:nner,
loader,
radio operator who
sometimes
acted
as
assistant
driver, and driver). Apart
ftom
the main
gnrn
there were two
7.62-
add
to this array there was
a
51-mm
(2-in)
smoke mortar. All
this was
a
con-
siderable
armament for
a
vehicle
with
a
tactical responsibility that was
Ii-
LightTank
M24
Chaffee (continued)
mited
mainly
to
reconnaissance, but
by the time the
M24
entered service it
was a
luxury
that
the
Americars
could
well
afford.
As mentioned above, the
M24
went
on to
make rts
gneatest
impact
after
1945
and many
natrons
retain
the
M24
to
this day,
several ofthem going
to
the
trouble
of
re-engming
the
vehicles and
Performance:
maxrmum road
speed
56
kri/ir
(35
mph);
maximum road
range 16l lcn
(
100
mrles);
fording
1,02
m
(3 ft 4
in); gnadient
60
per
cent;
verticalobstacle
0,91
m
(3 ft);
trench
2.44
m
(B
ft)
Armed with
a
7
1-mm
(2.9
{J
r
:it
gan,theM24was
durihglate
1944
andpost-warit
formedthebasis
ofarmoured
vehicles.
|-in)
introduced
into
service
updating their fire-control
systems,
Specification
lightTankM24
Crew:5
Weight:
in
action
18,
37
tonnes
Powerplant:
two
Cadlllac Model
44T24
V-B
petrol
engines
developing
82
kW
(1
l0
hp)
each
Dimensions: length,
wrth
Wn
5,49
m
(I8
ft)
and
over hull4.99
m
(16 ft 4.5
in);
width2,95
m(9
ftB in);
heisht2.48 m
(B
ft
1,5
in)
foranewfamily
Light Tank M24Chaffee
cutaway
drawing
key
2
3
4
1
N46
75-mm gun
6
M64combinationgun
mount
0.30MG
M1
91
944co-axial
with
main
armament
Telescope M71
K
0.30MG
M1919A4bow
gun
7
5
Directvisionblocks
Commander'speriscope
10
Stowaoebox
I
0.50 HB Browning MG M2
(anti-aircraft)
Commander's cupola
9
'l
1
Pistolp;n
'12
Radioset.SCBS0S
13
M3grenadelauncher
14
Assistantdriver'sdoor
15
Hullventilator
16
Frontcoverplate
1
7
Portable fire
extinouisher
18
Controlleddiffere;tial
19
Differentialoutputyoke
20
Driver'shandlevers
(steering brake)
2'1 Rangeselector/
22
23
Driver'sseat
24
Fireescape
hatchdoor
27
28
transmission lever
Hand
levertransferunit
shift control
25
Turretcontrolbox
26
Turretdriving
mechanism
Stabilizer
and
turret
moto.
Firingsolenoid
29
Ammunition
storage boxes
30
Left
generatorregulator
31
Leftstanerrelay
33
Masterbatteryswitch
34
Four6-volt batteries
35
Fixedfireextinguisher
36
Radiator
37
Radiatorairinletgrille
38
TwoCadillac90V-type
cylinder Model 44T 24
engrnes
32
Ventilatingdoor
g
39
Fueltankcovers
40
Fuel
compartmentvenls
41
Finaldrivesprocket
42
Shockabsorber
43
Supportarm
44
Trackguide
45
Trackwheel
46
Torsionbar
47
Bumperspring
arr
b'al<::
48
Tracksupportrolle.
linkage
49
Compensatingw,iea
trackwheel suppan
.-:
53
Loader'shatch
50 Trackcompensl:'i
r,--
51
Compensating$'e:
-.
52
Trackwheellink

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