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HeqvuArtillerg
oIllUo
To
the
sentty standing
his
pre-dawn
duty
in
the
trenches
of
Heavy
artillery
of
WorldWar
theWestetnFront,
the
sightof ajaggedline
of
light onthe
opgnsite
horizon
cannot have
been
comforting,
for behind
szch
aline
lay
the
fire
of the
largest concentration
of
artillety
pieces
in
histoty.
World
War
I
was
an
artillery
war
and,
while
large numbers
of
fieid
gmns
were
involved in.all
the major battles of that conflict, lt was the heavy
artillery
that
ultimately won
or lost
battles,
It
was
only
the heavy
artillery
that had the shell
power
to
destroy'the
earth or
concrete protection upon
which
each
side.came
to
rely
for
survival
in the
front line,
and it was
only
the
heavy
artillery
that
could
smash
a
way through
the
lines
of
defences
behlnd which
each
side
sheltered.
By
1914
most European
powers had
built up
large
gmn
parks
that
contained
artiliery
of increasingly heavy calibres and
power.
These
were
necessary to demolish the rings
of
fortifications
that
all
the major
powers used
to
protect their territories
against
the intrusions
of others,
but once those fortresses had
been
bypassed
by
the events
of
the first
year
of
the
war
the same heavy
artillery
was
equally
usefirl
in
the
strange
condrtions
of the
Western Front,
where
trench lines imposed
thelr
own
peculiar
method of warfare.
This short
suwey
cannot
include ali
the many and various models
of
heavy
artillery
that
were
used during
World War I.
What
has
been
attempted
is
a
general
indication
of
the
many
types
involved,
and
included here
are some
of
the models that
might
be
considered
the most
important.
Thus
the
Paris
Gun
and 'Big Bertha' are
included
along
with
the British
234-mm (9.2-in)
gmns
and
305-mm
(12-in) howitzers,
but
I
had
few mechanical
aids
for handling
heavy
ammunition. Particularly
on
the
older
models,
shelk
weighing
over
1000
kg(2205
lb)wouldhaveto
be manhandled into
the
breech, as
equipment.
happened
with
this French 400-mm
weapons
such
as
the
German
2l-cm
(8
27-in)
mortars
have had
to
be left
out
for
space reasons, Space has
been
found
for
some of
the
smaller
examples of heavy
artillery,
such
as
the
British
l52-mm (6-in) howitzer
and the German tS-cm
(5.9-in)
Kanone
16,
but the main emphasis
is on
the
really
heavy weapons, for it
is
they
that now attract the
most
attention
and
interest.
The
'Great
Wa/
was the
heyday
of
heavy
artillery.
in
the
purely
statlc
conditions that exlsted along the Western Front the heavy
gmns
and
howltzers could be carefully emplaced with few
thoughts
of
dramatic
or
rapid
moves, and they
could be fed with their
heavy
projectiles
for
as
long
as
the
required logistic machinery remalned in being. They
had
plenty
of targets
as
each side
burrowed deep
into the earth to survive
the storm that
daily flew over their
heads. The only
way
to harm
such
burrows
was
by
the use
of
heavy projectiles
that
could
smash
their
way
through
such
protection
as
there
was, and these healry
projectiles
could
only
be
delivered
by
the heavy
artillery.
thewar
had settled
down
to aface-to-face
confrontation between deeply
entrenched
forces,
the
howitzer
came
to
the
fore as
the main
offensive
weafion
of
the
various
artillery
arms. The monstrous
42-cm
M-Gerijt (known
as'Bigi
B
erth
a' )
was
us
ed
by
the G
erm
ans
at
Liige
and N
amu
r.
Once
1
.:-:l
'i
i
:;{
GERI\,4ANY
lS-cm
Kanone
The
inclusion
of
a
gn:n
with
a
calibre of
16
only
150
mm
(5.9
in)
may seem out
of
place
in
a description of heavy artil-
Iery, but the
German
lS-cm
(5,9-in)
gn-lns
were really
in
a class
above
that
of
normal
field artillery, Quite
apart
from
theu
size
and
weight,
they
were
intended
for
use as
corps
arttllery
cap-
able
of
long-range counterbattery and
'interdiction'
employment,
and
thus
came into the heavy
artillery
category.
was mainly
of
a
makeshift
nature,
By
i916
the
long-range
German
artillery
in
use
on the Western
Front
being
derived
ftom
a
policy ofplacing
coastal
defence
or
naval
gnrn
barrels
on to
improvisedfield
carriages.
While
this was adeguate
as
a stopgap mea-
sure,
the
gunners
needed
something
more suitable and
manageable for
their
longterm
eqiripment,
and
conse-
made
a
special plea to its
artillery
de-
signers
for
a
world-beater,
Both
Krupp
and
Rheinmetall
took
up the
chal-
lenge, and
as
things tumed out thelr
individual
submissions
were
virh-rally
identical.
Both
gn:ns
were
named
15-
cm
l(anone
16
or
lS-cm
K
16,
but
ln the
Iong
term
it was
the
Krupp
lS-cm
K
16
Kp
submission
that was produced in
the greater
quantities,
The
Rheinme-
quently the
German
general
staff
Above
:
I
n
contr
as t
to
most of
the
artillery involved in World
W
ar
I, the
German
I
1-cm pieces were
not
howitzers. With
their long
range,
the
weapons
were
leared
in
the
counter'
batteryrole,
and
could
onlY
be
opposed
by
much
larger and
less
m6bile
Alliedweapons.
towed in two
loads,
the
barrel
and the
carriage. The carriage was
usually
towed
on
a
special
four-wheeled lim-
ber
which
also
had
some seating
for
the
crew members, who
also
oPerated
the
brakes,
On
the
Westem
Front
the
15-cm K
16
became
one of
the
most
feared
of
all
the German counterbattery
gnrns.
The
tall
lS-cm
K
16
Rh was produced in
some
numbers
as
the
demands from
the ftont were
so
gEeat,
but never in
the numbers that Krupp was
able
to
churn
out,
The
15-cm
K
Qnrn,
16
was
along
and
large
The overall design was entirely
orthodox for the
time
apart from
the
fact that the
barrel
was
extraordinarily
long
(U42.7
in the Krupp design
and
U42.9
in the
Rheinmetall
offering)
for
the
size
ofthe
wheeled carriage,
The
carriage
was
a fairly simple
box{rail
After
I91B
numbers
of
15-cm
K
16s
The
l1-ctnKanone
[6was
were
handed
out to
various nations
as
war
reparations
(Belgnum was a
major
recipient) but the
gtr-rn
was one of the
few allowed
to
rema-rn
on
the
strengrth
of the
small post-Versailles
German
army,
Thr.rs
for nearly two
decades
it
acted
as a
traimng weapon
for
a
new
manufactured
by
both
Krupp and
Rheinmetall,
the
latter
(
as seen
here)
being
made
in
smaller
quantities'
The
equipments
were sAil
in
limited
use
during
the
early canpaigns
as
Iong
rangTe
(22000rn/24,060
yards) of
the gun meant that
it
could reach
well
into the rear
areas
behind the
Aliied
[nes
to
destroy
gnrn
batteries,
road
and
rail junctions and
generally
to
lay
down
harassing
fire
that
could
not
be
coun-
of
generation
of
gunners
who,
re-
equipped
and
with
a
new
military
phr-
itwas oneof
thefew
militaty
items
permitted
to
Gemany
afterVersailles.
WorldWarII,
design fitted with
a
iarge shield
for
the
gun
crew,
Heavy
spoked wheels
were
fitted
as
the
gmn
had to
be
towed by
horse teams
as
motor
traction
was
by
that stage
of
the
war
(it
was
1917
before
appreciable
numbers
of the
guns
achrally
reached
the
front) at
a
pre-
mium and
resewed
mainly
for the
real-
Iy
heauy guns,
The werghts involved
meant that
the
l5-cm
K
16
had to
be
losophy,
went
to
war once again, Even
tered
by
anything
other than
the
placed weapors).
ThiS
entailed
a
gneat
heaviest
and
longest-rangqd
Allied
gmrs
(railway
artillery
or
specially em-
deal of effort on the
part
ofthe
Allies,
for
despite
its weight and bulk,
the
lS-cm
K
16
was still more
mobile
than
its potential opposition,
then
the l5-cm
K
i6
was used
during
some of
the early World War
II
cam-
paigms.
Specification
lS-cmK
16
Weight:
in actron
10870
kg
(23,964
lb)
Elevation:
-3'to
+42"
Traverse:8"
Muzzle
velocity:
757 m (2,484 ft)
per
second
Ma:rimum range:
22000
m
(24,060
Calibre:
i49.3 mm
(5.88
in)
Lengrthof
barrel
6,41
m
(21
ft
0.4
in)
yards)
shellweisht:
5
1.4
ks
(l
13,3
]b)
German
28-cm
howitzers
By
had ensured
a
corresPonding
in-
19
14
the
growth
of
the
German navy
crease
in the
number
and
power
of
the
coastal
batteries
that
were built
to de-
fend the
various German
dockYards
and
harborus,
Coastal
defence
was
the
responsilcility
of
the German
navy,
and
as
a
general
fule
it
adapted
naval
guns
ro
carry
out
tlTe
coast
defence role.
But
iollowing
the
general
fashion
else-
cradle
mounted on
a
large
and heavy
carriage which
was
in
its h:rn located
on
a
hmtable
connected
to
a
heavy
firing
platform dug into the
ground.
Both howitzers
had
featr:res
from
an
earlier
age: at the
rear
was
a
crane
for
raising
ammunition to
the level
of the
breech,
while
most of the
recoll
irrces
were
absorbed
by
the
barrel
and cra-
dle sliding
along short
rails when fired,
the
rest of the forces
being absorbed
by
the
mass
and
weight
of
the
camage.
Even
by
l9l4
standards
the
28-cm
(t
1.02-in)
homtzers
were
obsolescent.
Their werght and
bulk rendered
them
virtually
immovabie,
and the
relatively
short ranqes
possible (l
1400
rnl12,465
yards) made
them somewhat
unecono-
where
it
also adopted
the
hiqh-
tajectory
howitzer, and for this
it
had
:c tum
to
the army for
advice.
By
the
hrrn of
the
cenh:rY
the
Ger-
::al
navy
thus
had
an
adaptation
of
an
a:ry
28-cm (11,02-in)
howitzer
knol,vn
^"
:he
28-cm Kiistenhaubitze
(coast
riT;luer),
weapon was the
The
army
e8-sn
Haubitze
Ul2,
and both
of
these
:sa-,li r/eaponswere
products
of the
Continuedonpage
ll04
extremely
unwieldY weaPon,
its
weight
and
buk
fixing
it
to
one
spot
and
the
relatively
shortrange
making
ituneconomicalin
terms
oI
manpower and
r.esources.In
spite
ot
this,
many
served
throughout the
war.
The 28-cm
Kiistenhaubitze
was
an
;::i,ic
Krupp
armament works
at
:sse:
the Ruhr. Both
howitzers
were
=
-:::iei
mainly for the static role: the
::;
::iTlEer
had
been
desigrned
Pri-
-,=-;
:c:
forttication-smashing, in
rr''
:'
1
-erqlhy
emplacement
period
r=
::
::
:eal
Lmportance. Thus the
l;;:
-a:ei
of
the
howitzer rested
in a
ffimw&waffi
ffkw
ffiflg
Gruax?s
Yorld
War
I
wcs
fouEjh
f
m
the
early years
a{
mator
transpart,
oftert
using
massire/y&eary.egu4Srnen
t
and.
aver
thernosf
d
iffi
c
u I
t
ferrarn.
W
k
i
tre
i
t
w
a
s
apprecl'a
fed
th
a
t
th
e
n
ewengines
c
a
a
l
d
b
e
of
the
grea
f
esl
cf
u s
e,
s
upB
ly
w as
s
fi// s/ow,
an
C
ift
e
old
standby
o/rnanpower
and
fiorlejro wer
came
inta play"
ln an age
in
which
mass-produced mechanical
transoort
devices are common-
place,
it comes
as
something
of
a
surprise
to
realize
how
scarce such devices
were
during
the
early days
of this century.
Before
World War
I
a
greai
deal
of
power was generated
bv
the
simple
application
of
manual labour
assisied
at
times
by
the
power of
the
horse,
and
this
has
to
be remembered
in
the
context
of heavr,artillery. At that tirne
mechanical
traction
and
powered lifting
devices
were
unirsual.
so r,vhen it
came to mov
ng and
handling
heavy
art
ller-y
there
was
o'lerr
lrtie
mcre
Lnan
orulc
to-ce
ava lable.
Throughout the centuries
gunners have learned
to
handle even
the
heaviest
of their
charges_
using onlir
what
is
to
hand. This
has
always involved
a
compli-
cated svstem oi timbers,
joisis,
pulleys,
levers and hard
work,
and
while this
ian
on
rts
own
move even
the
heaviest field gun
and
its
carrrage,
such methods
can
have
on11,
a
limtted ut
I
ry
in
the
rnovemenl
of
large-calibre
weapons. Fortunately
the monsters
in service during
\{/orld War
I had generally been designed at
a
iime when
metaliurgy and
mechanics
were
beginning
t6
reach an
Sdvanced
staTe,.
so designers
were often
able
to
build into
these weapons
some
form
of
handling system that required
only
a
m nimum
of
physical effort
and also
offered
a
greater
deg
ree of
saf
ety to
all
concerned.
The
va
i-tous
systems usually invclved
built-in
rails and ln;inches
that enabled
a
howttzer
or
qun'barrel to
be
removed or
withdrar,,vn
on
to
its
transport
carlage without the
need
fcr
spectal
iigs
and
overhead
.structures. Some heavy artillery
had
inbuilt cranes
for
the"same
purpose,
whrle some
designers
simply
decicied
ihat the
best
way
to assembie
and disacsemole guns
was
by
supo ving
a
moo
le
crane
[.3r was'ssued
as
part
ol
the weapon's
srdirCard eqJipmenL.
So by
the
time
of World
\.Alar
I
the emplacement of
a
heavy
arlillery
piece
was
-
clten
not
quite the probiem
it
might
have
been, but
usuaily
there was still
a
great
deal
of work
to
be
done.
Pits had
io
be dug
to
accornmodate
the
heavy iirrng
platform
needed
by
most weapons
of
the peliod,
and
in
some cases eartliboxeE
nad
to
be
filied to
counteract the Jorces produced
on
firing
Heavy subassemb-
lies
still
had
to
be manhandled on occaslon, ano
this
nece-ssity
ofien
ied
to
the
aiiocation
of
only
the
iargest men
to
heavy
artillery
units.
,,
['utt
ng
rhe
weapons
[ogether
or
taking them apait was
only one
aspect
of
the
iabour nvolved in
mo'yirrg heavy
artillery.
Once
the weapon
had
been
broken
down
into
a
number
o[
]oads, each load
had
somehow to
be oulled to
where it
di-aught
animal, but the iargest weapons required
so
many teams of horses
that
any real
efficiency rvas
impossible. Some
of the
less advanced nations
had
to
rely on
ihe
horse,
but the
more advanced nalrons
canne
to
rely
upcn
powered
The
Holt tractarwas very successfulin
the task
othaulingheavyequipment
t\rgugh
themud
of
theFront.lteventually
gaverise
to
tie
ca**piitii-triiiea
fighting
vehicle, otherwise
known
as
the
iank.
W rh tne
molor
tracrors tnings
were
dif
erent, however. The
moLor
veh.c
e ,.
f
still
a
relatively
sirrple
venrcle, and
very orlen the
power generated
o1
.
eng nes
was
relat'vely iow. Tne onlv wav to qain the
powei
reouireo
to
r
,.
=
power,
wtth the
result
that the
specialist artillerv
trictors of
World
Wa.
heavy artillery
was
by
1ne
enlargement
ol
engines to mdssive proport
o^s
I
-
in
tutn
ied
Lo
large
and
heavy
wheels to
carry
the
eng,nes
and
trans- r
:
,
=
,
-
was
required. Before World
War
I
thts
usualiy tnvolved
the
horse
or
other
lfaction in
ihe fofm of the
internal combustion-engined trabtor,
the
steam
traction
engine and
even
railways.
-l-raction
engines
were
very
often
ncrmal
commercial
models impressed into
nrlrtary
service, and
they
rarely requtred any
modifications for their
nerar;ole.
resembled nothing more than huge bonnets
carrieb
on
large
wheeis. ln su_-
examples tne
dr
ve'
appeared to
be
a
mere appendage to th6 vehicle.
-yp
ca ..
these monsters
were
lhe rrany designs produced
in
Austria
and
Germany
s
_
_
-
as
the
Austro-Dairnlers and
thelr ilkl
But it should roL
ce lorgorren
tnat
all
too
o,ten the motor
tractor and
lracr
.
-
eng,ne could
rot
be
used'or
tne simple reason tlrat even
underwar
orod_cr
conditions lhere
were
rareiy
enouqfi
Lo
rneet all
tne demands
made uoon
i-i
numbers
available. All
too often the
gunners had
to
rely on
the
horse
ior
tir,.,.
tracLion
oJrposes,
and
it
horses
were
"or
ava.labte
thev
nad
to
call uoon s__-
beasls as
draughl
oxen
Dr
even camels. Tne
difficult
es involved
,n
usinc
r_c=
tearns
Oi
sucr anirars
[O
tow
neavv
and awkward art:llery
loads
acro"ss:]=
shattered terrain of World
War
I
battlef
ields
can
barely be imagined, but
foi-
tne
gunners
who
had
to
carry
out such tasks
we
can
now only
offel
our
admirat
cr.
:.:cve:
The
field
versian of
the
42-cm
:
::cia
cauld be
d$assem,b/edfor
:
:-.'
e
I, but
with
a
weight
o{
aver
I 0A
:-:-:es,
mcye"tne.ntwas
nat
easy.
Below:
The 38-ern
modei I6
from
Skoda
was aJso
designed for
road
transpa{t,
ta
be
towed by
large
wfi
ee/ed
fraclors
rh
secfi ons.
disassembly of
these
heavy
pieces
requried
specra
I
equipment. Here
the barcel
af
a
370-mm
French
mor tar
{
howitzer
)
is
suspended
prior
to
fitting
onto
the
firing
plattarm.
Often
ffi e
crane
was
rssued
as
part of
the
equipment.
Right: The
terrain-crossing ability
of
the
tankwas
put
to
good
use
during
the battle
af
Cambrai.
This
Gerrnan
I
5
-cm
( 5.9
-
in)
gun
was
captured and
towed back
across
the
batUefield.
n4bove:
Very often
the
assembly
and

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