062 WAR MACHINE.pdf

(43190 KB) Pobierz
Volume
6
Published
by
Orbis
Publishinq Ltd
@
Aerospace Publishing
Ltd
1984
Issue
62
Editorial
Offices
War
Machine
Aerospace Publishing Ltd
'10
Barley
Mow
Passage
London
W4
4PH
Managing
Editor:
Stan
Morse
Editorial:
Trisha Palmer
Chris Bishop
Chris Chant
Design:
Rod Teasdale
Co_lour
Origination
:
lmago Publishing
Ltd,
Thame, Oxon
Typesetting:
SX
Composing
Ltd
Film
work:
Precise
Litho
Ltd
Artists:
Tony Gibbons
John
Ridyard
8841
1
Consultant Editor: Major
General Sir
Jeremy Moore
KCB OBE
MC, Comman-
der
of
British
Land
Forces
during
the
Falklands campaign.
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Sterling.
The
struggle
for
supremacy
above
and
beneath
the
swirling
waters
of
the
North
Atlantic
was the
most
importaurttbattle
foaght
by
the
submarine
forces
of
the
Axis
nauies, hut
was
fat
from
being
the
sole scene
of
operations.
Indeed,,
Axis
submarines
ranged the
sealanes
from
the
Atlantic
tluough
the
Indian
Ocean
to the
South
Pacific.
of
\IUorld\lfar
ll
A
Krupp yard
at KieI,
and
construction
of
U
-
boats proceeds apace.
G
erman
indus try
bu il
t
more
than
I
1
00 boats,
with
well over
half
being
lost
in action. Of
the
remainder, most
did
not
survive
the
war, being
lost
to
accidents or
to
enemy
actionwhile
in
harbour.
During
World
War
I1
the
common
factor that
permitted
the
USA to
wage
war in
both Europe and the Pacific simultaneously, and
which allowed
the
UK to
exist
at
all, was merchant shipping,
Losses
of
warships
could
cause
problems,
but losses
of
merchantmen were potentially
disastrous.
If
the
loss
rate
had exceeded
the
construction rate
for a
significant
period,
the
Allies' capacity
to
waqe war would
have
slowed,
to
the
point
eventually of capitulatron.
As
World War
I
had adequately proved to the
Germans
that
sub-
marines
were
the best
vehicles
for
this
form
of
warfare,
it seems
extraor-
dinary
that more
resources were
not
put into
their construction
in
the
late
i930s. Those
available
caused damage enough,
but greater
numbers
and
a
higher
construction rate from
the outset
would
have
swamped the
abilrty
of
current
Allied
defences to
cope.
Throughout
the
conflict,
the
Germans
strove
to
improve
both
the
technical quality
of
their
boats and the methods by
whlch
they
could best
be
employed, a natural energy that
contrasted strangely
with
that
of
their Axis partners.
Both
Italy
and
Japan
had sizable submarine fleets
and,
as
each
joined
the
war
at
later
dates,
they
had adequate
time
to
Ieam
at
first
hand
the problems
of submarine
warfare before
actually
Italy, however,
found
her
boats
to
be
deficient
in
quality and their
crews both
poorly trained
and, in many
cases,
suffering from the
same
lack of
motivation
and
conviction that affected
her
surface
fleet,
Japan,
on the other hand, had no lack
of
motivation but was
stricken
with
an
iniiexibility
of
purpose
that
worked
to the
American
advantage.
War waged
against
merchant shipping
was
vrewed
as 'defensive'
so,
desprte
in
most
cases
being
manifestly unsuitable
for
the
purpose,
Japanese submarines
were
employed
almost
exclusively
against
warships, The
twin
facts
that
American
llnes of communication
vulner-
ably straddled
two oceans and that
American
submarines.were throt-
thng
Japan
by
blockade appeared
unnotlced,
There
was
no
lack
of
sacriflce,
In
pursuing their
various
objectives, the
Axis
partners
lost
over
950
boats
in
action and many more from other
causes.
committing
themselves,
Suchwas
the
pressure
onGermany
that the
German navy could not
alford
to
take obsolescent
boats
out
of
production, with
the
result thatin
the
latter
stages
of
thewar
boats
such as U-805,
aTypelXC/40,were badly
outclassed
jn
the
struggle
against
the
Allied
escorts.
'RO-I00'
and
'RO-35' classes
were
designated
'RO',
equivalent
Small-
to
medium-srzed
boats in the IJN
to
the
Western'B'.
In the
case of
the'RO-
100'class, the
term'Kaisho'or
Tlpe
I(S
troyed
by
the American
destroyer-
escort
USS
England
on various
dates,
The
desigm was a
drminutive
o{
but
very
dfferent
from, the
earlier
'RO-33',
In size and
potential
it
equated
roughly
with the British
U-class. They
were
un-
suitable
for
attacking
the
warships
that
were
desigmated
their prime
targets
yet, whilst they could
have
operated
effectively
against
mercantile
targets,
but
were being
completed up
to
1944.
Nine firrther
projected
units
were
can-
celled.
Specification
'RO-100'class
Type:
coastal
submarrne
Displacement:
601
tons
sMaced
and
782
tons
was also used,
denoting
'small', They
were
designed
originally
as
limited-
endurance boats for
use
in the waters
oll
the
Japanese
home islands, and
for
this reason
operational depth could
be
reduced
to only
75
m
(245
ft). The
func-
tion
of
the
boats was, however,
ex-
tended
to
protection
of
the
numerous
islands that
were
acquired
to
defend
the
outer perrmeter
of
the
new empire,
The parallel
RO
type, the
'RO-35'
class
('Kaichu or'Type
K6') was
larger
and
comprised
the last medium-sized
boats
built
by
the
IJN,
Of
the
18
com-
pleted
oniy
one
sriwived
the
war, hav-
submerged
Ditnensions:
leng1h
60.90 m (199
ft
10
in);
beam
6.
i0
m
(20 ft 0
in);
draught
the
Japanese
submarine
command
showed
the lack of
imagination
and
flexibility
that was
characteristic
mg.
As
these
were
often surrounded by
deep water,
the
'RO-100'boats started
at
a
disadvantage,
Once
submerged,
the boats'small
sonar
proflle
did
not
throughout
the
war
and
which
was
pri-
marily responsible for its poor
show-
The
class
of
lB
was
ordered pre-war
them,
the
combined
'RO-35'
and
'RI-
100'
classes
are credited with
four
minor
warships and
srx
merchantmen
sunk,
a
catastrophically
poor rate
of
exchange
that
led
also
to
the cancella-
tion
of
60
further
'RO-35s'.
Directly comparable
in
performance
and
size
to
the
British'U-class'
boats,
the'RO-
1
00
s'
should
have been
equally
successful,
butwere
to
prove
/ess ab,le lo cop
e
with operational
limitations.
ing
been used defensively
despite
their
superior potential,
Between
3.50m(ltft6ln)
Propr:lsion:
surfaced diesels
dehvering
i,100
bhp
(820
kW) and
submerged
electric
motors
delivering
760
hp
(570
kW)
to
two shafts
Speed:
surfaced
14
ktsand
submerged8
kts
Range:
surfaced
6500
kn
(4,040
miles)
at
12
ks
and
submerged
t 10
km
(68
miles)at3
kts
Armament:one
76-mm (3-in)
qun
(often
removed),
and four 533-mm (21-
in)
torpedo tubes
(all
forward)
with
compensate
for their
poor
perform-
ance and
all
18
of
the
class
were
sunk,
significantly
only
two by aircraft.
That
one was sunk
off
eastern
India
says
much
for the
endurance
of
its
crew,
No
less than
five
of
the
class
were
des-
eiqhttorpedoes
Complement:38
'I-15'class
An '1'prefix, equivalent
to the
Western
A,
denoted
a
largrer
submarine
de-
These two
functions
were
tending
to
merge,
for the
'fleet' concept was
a
hangover
tom
earlier
British ideas
of
using
iarge
boats
with
a
good sudace
performance
to
act closely
as
an eie-
ment
ofthe
surface
fleet,
a
concept that
siqned
for fleet
or
cruising
work.
was not successfii
at
that
time.
The
'I-15' class was, therefore, derived
from
twin
sources.
Fust of
these was
the
'TYpe
KD'
fleet
submarine of
the
mid-1930s,
capable
of
a
23-kt surface
speed
and
a
ranqe suitable
for
a
return
trip
across
the
Paciic.
The other was
the
Jursen', or cruiser submarine,
of a
siightly
later
date,
which incorporated
one
or
tvvo
floatplanes
in
a pressure-
tight hangar forrmng part
of the
super-
structure,
It would
seem that the rdea
of
these aircraft was
to
increase
the
boat's scouting
capability rather
than
for
offensive
puposes.
worth,
and
several
boats had such
pro-
vision removed
in
favour of
a
second
qun to
suit
them better for the
attack
role. As
such,
the
boats
were
among
the more
successful ofJapanese clas-
ses,
beinq credited with
the
sinking
of
similar'Type
82'
and
'Type
83'
v-ar-=
were modried
to calrrl Kaiten
(sr::;-::
midget
submarines),
The
Tf:pe
E2
was
the'I-40'class
(six
compleiec_
all
the 'Type 83'was
the'I-54'class
l=-
completed).
?his pr,cture
portrays
the
high
surface speed of
the
J
ap
a
n e
s
e
Tlpe
EJ
(?-l5l
dass.
To
improve
targeting
in
the
snmercrg-
raiding
role,
a
l5lert'
lloe@lane
was
carried.
eight warships (including the carrier
USS
l/asp by
I-19)
and
59
merchant-
men of about
400,000 grross
registered
tons.
Specification
'I-15'class
Type: ocean-going submanne
Displacement:
2,
590
tons
sum:e:
=-
3,655 tons
Really the first variant 'Type
BI'
of
three,
the
'I-15'
erroup
was
20 strong,
with the
hangar
a
iow,
streamlined
structure
protruding
(usually
forward)
from the tower, The
freeboard
was
high
to
improve aircraft handling
in
a
seaway,
and was made
higher
by
a
sloping
catapult
track;
a
foldingi crane
was also incorporated
for
recovery
purposes,
Despite these
successes,
the
losses
of
the
'l-
l5'
boats
were catastrophicaily
tice, the
aircraft and
its
equipment
proved more trouble
than
they were
140-mm
(5,5-in)
qnm
was
set on
a
substantial
bandstand.
In
prac-
A
high,
as
a resuit mainly of
their
poor
submerged performance
and
of
the
fact that only
three
full salvoes
oftorpe-
does
were
carried; only
one
boat
of20
survived
to
surrender.
A
couple
of
the
class,
along
with
others from the
very
submerged
:
Dimensions:
lengith
108.60
m
4 tn):
beam
9,30
m
(30 fi
6 Ln;
13.r€
-
ji::f::
=-:
"'=:-
5.10m(16ft9in)
Propr:lsion: surfaced diesels
delivering
12.400
bhp (924:
k,i-
submerged
elec::
:
L-.-
:
:
r.
:=.
;
In
terms
of
naval
archit*tural
probie.lrs.
t1e
ir-
jJ:'cJass
boats were
a
clean and satisfactory solution
toputdnga,trcra-ft
into submarines. The
r
easons
for
doing
so we re.
hmeaer
guestionable.
Nlidget
submaffnes
r4/ere
used
by
all
the Axis
navieswith
''zarjous
deErees ol
en
fft
usiasrn
and
success
.
Types
ranged
fram
genwine
bul
rnrniaf ure
submarrn
es
to
thd
japanese
Kaiten
-
manned suliclde
forpedoes.
Bv
ineir \/ery
^atJre
rl
dger
submarines possessed
a
'cloai
a^d oagger'aura
that
has
iended
to
cause
their
true
potential
to
be overratecj
Like
the
Roval
\,av\i, tne flecls or sll
t^e
majo" Axrs
powcrs operated
iher.
b,,rr,
despite
their
odd
success, rhey
really did
not
repav
the considerable effort expended
on
thern
n
both design
and
construction.
Ph
iosophies
regarding
their
use varied
irom
ileet to
fleet.
-,ke the Br tisn, the llal
ans
sarnv
lnem
as
rreans
oIatrac\
ng
:argets
in d
{l.c:ll
anchorages
or lcr
depioying
specialrst
swimming teams.
if the
16-m (52.s-ft)
Britrsh X-crait are taken
as
dr/ardstick, they correiponded
to
the
most-used
of
the
ital an
iypes,
the
CB.
Several
of tf'ese
*ere
transported
overland
to
the
3
ac.
Sea
;n
1942
a:d accornred fo,
a
pr:r of
Sovret
submar.nes,
bul
I
tlle
otr
e'
act
vrty is
recorded
Smaller. 10-m (32.BJt) CAs could
cai'ry
either torpedoes or
-w
rnmers, deoending on
lype. Prololvpes
'or
-trch
larger.
33-m (108.27-ftr
CC
olO
cv
types
were
b,ilr.
h"t
revcr
saw
prodrrct.on
ii-re
lapi,-,ese
had
a
far more ambltious
use
formidget
submarines, seejng
the
r role as be nq carrred by
surface
shrps and
f
ieet submarines for launching
in
tfre course
of
a
fleet
action.
With the
speecis and ranges
atwhich
these were
i.e1y
to
be
fought,
this
dea
became manifesily
impracticable and
the
rnidget
ooats
were viewed
more
in
the ccntexi
of specialist attack
and
defence aga:nst
enemy
landincs. A,bout
400
were
burlt
to
various
designs, but only
the)4-m
LlB.74-ft) Type
As
were
used at all
effectively,
although their
debui
during tne
Pearl Harbor attack
was far from
auspicrous.
Fotlowing the occupation of Madagascar
by
the
Brtish
some
six
months laler,
nowever,
naval
f
orces
were
reconnoiireci
by
a
Japanese seaplane. Despite
tnrs
r,arn.rtg, the
b:trlesn'p
HMS
,Qami//ics
dld
a
Ian<e'were afterwards
lorpe6'ec
n
snellered
waLers
o{+ D
ego
Sriarez.
Tne
batliesh
p
srirvived bul was cons oe'.
,oy
Carr-'aEed.
Tne
atlack-l'ad beer carreo
o,rt by
Type
Ac which, \Ar[^
I-e
seaplane,
had
been carried
on
three Japanese
submarines
This
well
inlegratei
.ocrat
01 was 'ollowed a dav laler by an insuccess'ul dllempt on
Syorer
,.4,a:tilal;;,i;li:ltltt4ittli.pea!'.u
t,.;':"t).
tTi"T:,:ofiY?13'J1ou"uru
end
of
the war.
Th6se
weie
to
be
used
in
large numbers, launched
fror'
submarines
and
surface ships. Fortunately, their steering was
as
suspect
as
rhe
led
calicn
of
many
of tneir
pilots.
The Gerrnans
buill
a
wide'range
of torpedo-carrying mrdgets
for
use
aga
nst
amphrbious ianding
fleets.
The Neger and Marder each
harj
one, and
lhe
Biber
iwo.
533-mm
{21-in)
torpedoes, the
latter being able
to
carry
them for
24a
r
re
t149 miles) at 6
k1s.
Built
rn
quaniity and transported
overland,
they
were
n
ection
off
Anzio, Normandy and
the
Schelde,
but found the Allied
escorts
clentifl-rl, aggressrve
and m6re than
able
to
cope. Many of
the
little craft
jrsr
produced
a
suicicie
toi'pedo,
the Kaitet-t,rowarci rhe
.vent
m'bs;.rg
Potentially rnore
eifective were the true
submarines
of
the
lype
XXViIA
-lype
XXVIiB (Seehund)
classes
These
were
'1
0.5 arrd
'l
2
m
{34 4
iHecht)
and
:rd
39 4
fil
:ong respeotively, and
the letter
had
lwo
rorpedocs
rnd
a
550---
r342-mile) ranqe.
Thrs
was sufficjent
to
reach
ihe
British east coast
but,
agarn,
'^ey
coJld
do
,
ti
e
more lhan
sint
the
old
onc
or
two mercharrimen.
Kcpt
vr
e
-
check by
the
anti-suLrmarine
forces, their
challenge finally died
wrth the
lrbera-
rron
of
ihe
Channel
coasts
bv
Allied
forces.
ane
af several
types
of 'Small
Battle
Unit', the Biber (Beaver) displaced only
s:,:
rcns.
The
ptcrure.sfiows
the
sca
lloped
hullwhichcould
carry two totpedoes
:.'
r.vc m:r.es.
At
the
taraard
end is
a
towing
pointwhich
allowed
the
rather
short-ranged
craft
ta
be towed
to
a
point
near its
operational
area.
A
Kajf
en i
i
s
t
au
n ched
from a
converted
light
cruiser.
The
pilot
was hous
e
d
vt
:
h
:
n
a ;
e
m
o
de
lled
Ty
pe
I 3
torpedo,
and
was
suppos ed
to
contro
I
it
at
3
)
]:
:
:
ta
a
:argei
that
can
scarcelyhave beenvisible. Laterversions,
to
have
useci
hvdragen peroxide
engines,
would
have
been
truly
suicidal
in
use.
r
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j'i
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!Jv:
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..
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