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Translation Theories Explored
Continuing
Translation Theories Explained
Translation Theories Explored
is a series designed to engage with the range
and diversity of contemporary translation studies. Translation itself is as vi-
tal and as charged as ever. If anything, it has become more plural, more
varied and more complex in today’s world. The study of translation has re-
sponded to these challenges with vigour. In recent decades the field has gained
in depth, its scope continues to expand and it is increasingly interacting with
other disciplines. The series sets out to reflect and foster these developments.
It aims to keep track of theoretical developments, to explore new areas, ap-
proaches and issues, and generally to extend and enrich the intellectual horizon
of translation studies. Special attention is paid to innovative ideas that may
not as yet be widely known but deserve wider currency.
Individual volumes explain and assess particular approaches. Each volume
combines an overview of the relevant approach with case studies and critical
reflection, placing its subject in a broad intellectual and historical context,
illustrating the key ideas with examples, summarizing the main debates, ac-
counting for specific methodologies, achievements and blind spots, and
opening up new perspectives for the future. Authors are selected not only on
their close familiarity and personal affinity with a particular approach but
also on their capacity for lucid exposition, critical assessment and imagina-
tive thought.
The series is aimed at researchers and graduate students who wish to learn
about new approaches to translation in a comprehensive but accessible way.
Theo Hermans
Series Editor
Translating as a Purposeful Activity
Functionalist Approaches Explained
Christiane Nord
Manchester, UK & Kinderhook (NY), USA
First published in 1997
by St. Jerome Publishing
2 Maple Road West, Brooklands, Manchester M23 9HH, UK
Fax: +44 161 905 3498.
Email: stjerome@compuserve.com
www.stjerome.co.uk
Reprinted 2001, 2007
© 1997 Christiane Nord
ISBN 978-1900650-02-1 (pbk)
ISSN 1365-0513 (Translation
Theories Explored)
All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages.
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, pho-
tocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written
permission of the Publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency (CLA), 90 Tottenham Court
Road, London, W1P 9HE. In North America, registered users may
contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC): 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers MA 01923, USA.
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
T. J. International Ltd., Padstow, Cornwall, UK
Typeset by Delta Typesetters, Cairo, Egypt
Email: hilali1945@yahoo.co.uk
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Library of Congress Catalog Control Number 98-210143
Contents
Introduction
1.
Historical Overview
Early Views
Katharina Reiss and the Functional Category of
Translation Criticism
Hans J. Vermeer:
Skopostheorie
and Beyond
Justa Holz-Mänttäri and the Theory of Translational Action
Functionalist Methodology in Translator Training
Translating and the Theory of Action
Translating as a Form of Translational Interaction
Translating as Intentional Interaction
Translating as Interpersonal Interaction
Translating as a Communicative Action
Translating as Intercultural Action
Translating as a Text-Processing Action
Basic Concepts of
Skopostheorie
Skopos,
Aim, Purpose, Intention, Function and
Translation Brief
Intratextual and Intertextual Coherence
The Concept of Culture and Culture-Specificity
Adequacy and Equivalence
The Role of Text Classifications
Functionalism in Translator Training
A Translation-Oriented Model of Text Functions
A Functional Typology of Translations
Norms and Conventions in Functional Translation
Source-text Analysis, Translation Briefs and
Identifying Translation Problems
A Functional Hierarchy of Translation Problems
Translation Units Revisited
Translation Errors and Translation Evaluation
Functionalism in Literary Translation
Actional Aspects of Literary Communication
1
4
4
9
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15
16
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25
27
27
31
33
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37
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73
80
80
2.
3.
4.
5.
Literary Communication across Culture Barriers
Skopos
and Assignment in Literary Translation
Some examples
6.
Functionalist Approaches to Interpreting
The Role of Interpreting in
Skopostheorie
Translator Training: From Interpreting to Translation
A Functionalist Approach to Simultaneous Interpreting
Criticisms
Function plus Loyalty
Future Perspectives
84
88
93
104
104
105
106
109
123
129
137
142
7.
8.
9.
Glossary
Bibliographical References

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