Crossed Histories - Manchuria in the Age of Empire ed by Mariko Asano Tamanoi (2005).pdf

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ASIAN
INTERACTIONS AND COMPARISONS
@
ASIAN
INTERACTIONS AND
COMPARISONS
Crossed Histories
Manchuria
in
the Age of Empire
edited
by
MARIKO
ASANO TAlYIANOI
GENERAL EDITOR, IOSHUA A, FOGEL
Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino:fapanese Relations:
Irredentism and the DiaoyujSenkaku
l~lands
Unryu Suganuma
The
I-Ching in
Tokugawa Thought and Culture
Wai-ming Ng
The Genesis ofEast Asia,
221
B.C.-A.D.
907
Charles Holcombe
Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade:
The Realignment
of
Sino-Indian Relations,
600-1400
Tansen Sen
Global Goes
I
~ocal:
POfrular Culture in Asia
Edited by Timothy
J.
Craig and Richard King
Re-understandingJapan: Chinese Perspectives,
1895-1945
Lu Yan
Temporality, and Imperial Transition:
East Asia from Ming to Qing
Edited bv
L~'nn
A. Struve
Beyond the Bmnze Pillars:
Envoy Poetry and tlu? Sino-Vietnamese Relationship
Liam C. Kelley
Crossed Histories: Manchuria in the Age ofEmpire
Edited bv Mariko Asano Tamanoi
ASSOCIATION FOR ASIAN STUDIES
and
UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I PRESS
Honolulu
Contents
r@
Asian Interactions and Comparisons, published jointly by the University
of Hawai'j Press and the Association for Asian Stndies, seeks to encourage
research across regions and cultures within Asia. The Series focLlses on works
(monographs, edited volumes, and translations) that concern the interaction
between or among Asian societies, cultures, or countries, or that deal with a
comparative analysis of such. Series volumes nmcentrate on any time period
and corne from any academic discipline.
©
2005 Association for Asian Studies, Inc.
1
Series Editor's Preface
vii
Acknowledgments
ix
Introduction
I
Mariko AsanoTamanoi
Mancnuna in Mind: Press, Propaganda, and
Northeast China in the Age of Empirc, 193
0 - 1
937
25
RanaMitter
All rights reserved
Pl'inted in the United States of America
10
09
08
2
City Planning without Cities: Order and Chaos in
Utopian Manchukuo 53
David Tucker
07
06
05
6
5 43
2
3 Princess, Traitor, Soldier, Spy: Aisin Gioro Xianyu
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Crossed histories: Manchuria in the age of empire / Edited by Mariko Asano
Tarnanoi.
p.
cm. -(Asian interactions and
: alk.
20th century.
and the Dilemma of Manchu Identity
82
DanShao
4 Goodwill Hunting: Rediscovering and Remembering
Manchukuo in Japanese "Goodwill Films"
Michael Baskett
1.
Title: Manchuria in the age
I20
Includes index.
TSRK
II.
Tamanoi, Mariko.
DS783.7.q6
2005
III.
Series.
2004024161
5 Colonized Colonizers: The Poles in Manchuria
I5
0
Thornas Lahusen
951'.804-dc22
6 Those Who Imitated the Colonizers: The Legacy of
the Disciplining State from Manchukuo to South Korea
SukJung Han
University of Hawai'i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the
guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources.
Designed by Rich Hendel
Printed
bv
The
Book Manufacturing
7 Pan-Asianism in the Diary of Mol'isaki Minato
(19 2
4­
and the Suicide of Mishima Yukio
(1925-1970)
I84
Manko Asano Tarnanoi
Contributors
Index
209
207
Series Editor's Preface
The original intention of this series was to encourage the publication
ofworks that crossed borders within Asia.
Crossed Histories
not only fulfills
this mission; it takes it to a new level altogether. The center of action re­
mains largely within the confines of that vaguely defined region known in
English as Manchuria, but the players come to Manchuria from various
places in Asia and, indeed, the world: Japan, China, Korea, and Poland.
Until recently, Manchuria has not received the attention from scholars
it deserves. There are many reasons for this-some scholarly, some po­
litical, some institutional- but over the past few years, a number of new
books, articles, and dissertations are pushing the older impediments to
serious research on Manchuria to the side and opening up fascinating
vistas. The essays in this volume by authors of Chinese, Japanese, Korean,
Swiss, Canadian, US., and Indian extraction (who hold an equally daz­
zling array of passports and visas) - an international cast of characters in
and of itself-comprise a fitting group to open up the international com­
plexities of Manchuria on the ground in the first half of the twentieth
century.
The Japanese ideologues who preached on behalf of a multicultural
Manchurian state usually intended that, for all of its many-hued inhabi­
tants, that Manchurian state would be led by the advanced hand ofJapan.
This direction became twisted as the years passed, and the excuses for
Japan's overbearing guidance became ever thinner. Nonetheless, many
thousands of refugees from around the globe made their way to Man­
churia; whatever insidious aims the Japanese military may have had,
these people from Russia, Poland, Korea, Armenia, and especially China
(to say nothing of the tens of thousands from the home islands ofJapan)
saw only that Manchuria offered opportunities not available in their many
homelands. Thus, the line that Manchuria was a "land of opportunity"
was not, initially at least, an empty slogan; in fact, it was the very reason
many chose it as a place to move to.
Manchukuo, the state established with Japanese sponsorship in 1932,
was at first supposed to be a republic with the last Qing emperor, Puyi
(19°6-1967), serving as "chief executive." Puyl, however, was unhappy
viii
SERIES EDITOR'S PREFACE
from the start with being merely a figurehead. He wanted nothing less
than to be returned to the Manchu throne as emperor, and in 1934 he
got his wish.
What sort of model might the Japanese planners have had in mind
when they imagined a multiethnic "republic" in the northeast corner
of the Asian mainland, a sparsely populated land that would become a
haven for many immigrants seeking new opportunities, a site at which
they might be able to use their talents unimpeded by the constricting
atmospheres of their native lands? Perhaps it was the "New World," later
to be called America and later still the United States. It was to this land
that many peoples escaping religious intolerance, ethnic persecution,
and economic hardship set sail from the early seventeenth century for­
ward. There they met an indigenous populace-all ofwhom were dubbed
"Indians" despite their many and varied ethnic backgrounds and social
practices-populating here and there a massive amount of extremely fer­
tile and largely untapped terrain. They eventually formed colonies and
seceded from the mother country, all the time miserably persecuting the
native inhabitants surrounding them and, ofcourse, importing for a time
thousands of slaves.
By the 1930S when Manchukuo was set in motion, the United States
had been in existence as a country for more than one hundred and
years, and few either there or abroad thought much about the natives of
the region. The myth-to be sure, a myth based in reality-of the United
States of America as a golden land of milk and honey, full of opportunity
for the downtrodden, had seized hold of the popular imagination. Might
not the same thing happen over time in Manchuria? Only time would tell,
and ultimately time was one thing Manchukuo and its supporters did not
have. The experiment died after a mere thirteen years, Puyi was arrested
by the Soviets, countless Chinese "collaborators" were rounded up, and
thousands ofJapanese were "repatriated"; many of them, born in Man­
churia, were returning to a "homeland" they had never seen.
Asian Interactions and Comparisons is proud to present this impor­
tant volume. I am sure that many of the essays herein will, in the years to
come, develop into full-fledged book manuscripts in their own right.
Joshua A. Fogel
Series Editor
Acknowledgments
This book is the result of the workshop "Japanese Imperialism/Colo­
nialism in Manchuria," which was held on the campus of the
of California, Los Angeles, on January
12, 2001.
Prasenjit Duara, Rana
Mitter, Dan Shao, Michael Baskett, David Tucker, and I were participants.
Joshua Fogel and Miriam Silverberg served the workshop as discussants.
Because Duara's paper has been published as chapter
2
of his book
Sov­
ereignty and Authenticity: Manchukuo and the /!'ast Asian Modern
(2003),
it
was withdrawn from the collection. Unfortunately, Thomas Lahusen and
Barbara Brooks were unable to attend the meeting. However, Lahusen
was later able
to
contribute a paper to this volume. After the workshop,
I invited Suk-Jung Han to contribute a paper that is included in this vol­
ume.
The process of conceiving the idea for this workshop, organizing and
holding it, and finally publishing this volume has been long. I have there­
fore a large number of people and institutions to thank. I thank all the
participants of this workshop-the paper presenters, discussants, audi­
ence, and student assistants-for having made the workshop so enjoy­
able. My special thanks go toJoshua Fogel, who also oversaw the prepara­
tion of this volume for publication. Naomi Ginoza and Todd Henry, both
graduate students of the department of history at UCLA, lent their help
to me in tape-recording the entire workshop. Although I cannot name
them individually, I thank the audience for their stimulating comments
and questions.
I am grateful for the Center for Japanese Studies of UCLA and its di­
rector, Fred Notehelfer, who provided the generous Nikkei Bruin Fund
to make this workshop happen. Mariko Bird at the center has been of
great assistance to me in this whole process. Her contribution to this
workshop is immense. I also thank Leslie Evans of the International In­
stitute at UCLA who first recommended the publication of the papers
presented at the workshop. Funding from the Comparative and Interdis­
ciplinary Research on Asia (ClRA) at UCLA made the publication ofthi8
volume possible. I thank its director, Shu-mei Shi, and applaud her vision
of future research on Asia.
x
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Lastly, our collective thanks go to anonymous reviewers who shared
their insights with us, andJamesJo who offered us editorial help. Our col­
lective thanks also go
to
Joanne Sandstrom, who remarkably improved
tbe quality of our writing, and Cheri Dunn of the University of Hawai'i
Press, who oversaw the production of this volume. Lastly, we are grateful
to the executive editor of tbe University of Hawai'i Press, Patricia Crosby,
for her help and courtesy from the beginning to the completion of the
publication of this volume.
Mariko Asano Tarnanoi
Introduction
Manchuria, Mongolia and Chinese Turkestan were once important as
the lands in which the "northern barbarians" of China's frontier ma­
neuvered in war and migration, working out among their own tribes
their destinies of conquest in Cbina or migration toward the West.
They are now becoming a field of contest between three types of civili­
zation-the Chinese" the Russian and the Western. In our generation
the most acute rivalry is in Manchuria, and the chief protagonist of
the Western civilization is Japan-whose interpretation and applica­
tion of a borrowed culture is of acute interest to the Western world, as
on it turns to a great extent the choice which other nations have yet to
make between their own indigenous cultures and the rival conquering
cultures of Russia and the West. (Lattimore 1935,
The colonial powers involved in Manchuria are China, Russia and
Japan, each of which has nourished recurrent ambitions of gaining a
political hegemony over the whole physical region. Even under the
current surface of peaceful coexistence and internationally fixed state
borders, these ambitions are very much alive, and neither the Sino­
Russian nor the Russo-Japanese border may be regarded as
cally stabilized. (Janhunen 1996, 31)
Manchuria today is unmistakably part of the sovereign territory of the
People's Republic of China, and one of the thriving centers of industrial­
ization. Yet the above two passages, written respectively in the 19308 and
the 1990s, amply suggest that "Manchuria" was and still is a contested
area between and among several national and ethnic groups. Owen Lat­
timore, a British journalist who traveled and resided in Manchuria in
19
2
9-
l
93 0 , is the author of
Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict.
In this book pub­
lished in 1935, Lattimore presented "Manchuria" as a field of contest be­
tween the Chinese, the Russian, and the Western civilizations. The major
representative of the Western civilization, however, was Japan, which was
then applying "a borrowed culture." These three civilizations, according
to Lattimore, concealed the presence of the "northern tribes," particu­

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