Principles_of_Explosion_Protection_2012.pdf

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Principles of
Explosion-Protection
Edition 2012
www.CooperCrouse-Hinds.eu
Principles of Explosion-Protection
Table of Contents
Foreword .............................................................................................................................V
The history of explosion-protection and the
legislative provisions in Germany and Europe .................................................................1
Physical principles of explosion-protection .....................................................................3
Explosive atmosphere ..........................................................................................................3
Hazardous area ....................................................................................................................3
Ignition sources.....................................................................................................................3
Flash point ............................................................................................................................6
Explosion-protection concepts .........................................................................................7
Primary explosion-protection................................................................................................7
Secondary explosion-protection...........................................................................................7
Constructional explosion-protection.....................................................................................7
Hazardous areas .................................................................................................................8
Gas-Ex areas .......................................................................................................................9
Dust-Ex areas ....................................................................................................................10
EC directives on explosion-protection............................................................................11
Directives 76/117/EWG; 79/196/EWG; 82/130/EWG ........................................................11
Directive 94/9/EC of the European Parliament and Council
dated March 23, 1994 - ATEX Directive...........................................................................12
Equipment groups and equipment categories....................................................................14
CE marking..........................................................................................................................15
Conformity assessment procedures for equipment according to Directive 94/9/EC .........16
Operating instructions.........................................................................................................17
Directive 1999/92/EG .......................................................................................................18
Explosion-protection document..........................................................................................20
Electrical equipment for use in hazardous areas: Fundamentals ...............................21
Maximum experimental safe gap (MESG)...........................................................................21
Minimum ignition current (MIC)...........................................................................................22
Minimum ignition energy .....................................................................................................22
Ignition temperature and temperature classes ...................................................................23
Electrical equipment for use in areas with combustible dust.......................................24
Equipment protection level EPL .....................................................................................25
Description of the protection afforded against the occurrence of an ignition ..............27
Type of protection to EN 60079........................................................................................29
EN 60079-0; General requirements.....................................................................................29
EN 60079-1; Flameproof enclosure „d“ ..............................................................................29
EN 60079-2; Pressurization „p“ ..........................................................................................31
EN 60079-5; Sand filling „q“ ...............................................................................................32
EN 60079-6; Oil immersion „o“...........................................................................................32
EN 60079-7; Increased safety „e“.......................................................................................33
EN 60079-11; Intrinsic safety „i“ .........................................................................................36
EN 60079-13; Pressurized rooms „p“ .................................................................................40
EN 60079-15; Equipment protection by type of protection „n“..........................................41
EN 60079-18; Encapsulation „m“ .......................................................................................44
EN 60079-25; Intrinsically safe electrical systems..............................................................45
EN 60079-26; Equipment with equipment protection level (EPL) Ga .................................46
EN 60079-27; Field bus intrinsically safe concept (FISCO) ................................................47
II
Table of Contents
EN 60079-28; Optical radiation...........................................................................................48
EN 60079-30-1; Electrical resistance trace heating - general and testing requirements ...49
EN 60079-31; Equipment dust ignition protection by enclosure “t“...................................50
Types of protection to EN 61241......................................................................................51
EN 61241-4; type of protection „pD“..................................................................................51
EN 61241-11; type of protection„iD“ ..................................................................................51
EN 61241-18; type of protection „mD“ ...............................................................................51
Explosion-protection of mechanical equipment ............................................................52
EN 50495 Safety devices required for the safe functioning of equipment
with respect to explosion risks........................................................................................54
Marking according to Directive 94/9/EC.........................................................................55
Supplementary requirements of standard EN 60079-0..................................................56
Requirements for the erection, operation, maintenance and
repair of electrical installations in hazardous areas ......................................................57
Electrical installations design, selection and erection to EN 60079-14 .......................58
Operation of electrical installations in hazardous areas...............................................61
EN 60079-17 Explosive atmospheres - Part 17:
Electrical installations inspection and maintenance .....................................................63
Continuous supervision ......................................................................................................65
EN 60079-19 Equipment repair, overhaul and reclamation ...........................................66
Replacement of equipment.................................................................................................67
Definition of hazardous areas and requirements
for explosion-protected electrical equipment on the world market ............................68
Global reference guide for potentially explosive atmospheres
and hazardous locations ..................................................................................................70
Global reference guide for potentially explosive atmospheres and
hazardous locations: NEC/CEC reference......................................................................71
Global reference guide for potentially explosive atmospheres and
hazardous locations: ATEX/IEC reference......................................................................73
IP degrees of protection...................................................................................................75
Directives and Standards .................................................................................................84
III
Principles of Explosion-Protection
Cooper Crouse-Hinds / Cooper Safety:
Explosion-protection from one source
A strong partner for explosion-protection
As a part of Cooper Industries, Cooper
Crouse-Hinds is the largest manufacturer
worldwide of explosion-protected electrical
equipment.
With company offices in Syracuse, New
York and production sites and subsidiaries
worldwide, Cooper Crouse-Hinds offers
explosion-protected control, signal, lighting
and energy technology according to NEC
and IEC standards from one source.
The products of the brands
CEAG, MTL
Instruments
and
GECMA
are worldwide
leaders in technology, reliability and service.
Hence, under the global umbrella of Cooper
Crouse-Hinds, you can have access to the
solid expertise of highly specialised brands.
The unique combination of complementary
knowhow and an efficient interlocking of dif-
ferent product areas offers you comprehen-
sive solutions from one source for your
complex projects. A global sales network
backed up by worldwide distribution offers
you the benefits of strong partnerships.
Specialists for the world market
CEAG
Explosion-protected lights, switching devices
and energy distribution panels of the
CEAG
brand stand for security, reliability and innova-
tion.
Approved for use in explosive gas and
dust-ex environments, our light fittings and
electrical apparatus ensure your safety.
Innovative design, reliable quality and the
robust design guarantees highest opera-
tional reliability, even under the most
adverse conditions.
GECMA
As a manufacturer of a worldwide leading
brand for Human Machine Interfaces &
Remote PC Terminals for the visualisation
and operation on site,
GECMA
offers you
internationally approved, high level industrial
communication devices, including all impor-
tant international approvals.
MTL Instruments
The name Measurement Technology Limited,
or
MTL
is synonymous with technical inno-
vation in the field of intrinsic safety interface
modules, overvoltage protection and field
bus solutions.
IV
Whether you require conventional cable
driven solutions for measuring and control
systems or wireless LAN: MTL Instruments
offers you innovative solutions for all fields
of explosion protected ICA-technique.
CAPRI
For more than 50 years the
CAPRI
brand
has stood for innovative solutions for elec-
trical terminations in industrial and haz-
ardous environments
CAPRI
cable glands are designed and man-
ufactured according to the latest standards
and are used throughout the world for the
safe operation of electrical installations.
Metal
CAPRI
glands for use in explosion-
protected enclosures fulfil the high require-
ments of the ATEX directive and of the latest
IEC and IECEx standards.
MEDC
Founded in 1975,
MEDC
is worldwide lead-
ing in the development and production of
optical and acoustical signal devices, loud-
speakers and manual call points for use in
harsh and hazardous onshore and offshore
environments.
Further information you will find:
www.CooperCrouse-Hinds.eu
www.MTL-inst.com
www.GECMA.com
www.Cooper-Safety.com
Foreword
This publication provides a brief survey of
the essential aspects of explosion-protec-
tion. The statutory regulations define the
obligatory duties of manufacturers, installers
and operators of electrical installations in
explosive atmospheres. At the end of this
publication there is a list of literary refer-
ences for the interested reader.
V

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