Akwesasne Notes vol. 5 no. 5.pdf
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"WHERE THE PARTRIDGE DRUMS'
Volume 5
Number 5
Circulation:
58,000
Early Autumn, 1973
(our August issue, mailed
out October 15, sorry 'bout that.)
Newsstand price:
fifty cents
(fortyeight pages) utsrqponmlkihgfedcaW
The Big Dipper: This monstrous equipment is used for stripmining
What Stripped Land is Like: Black Mesa, Four Corners area
IN THIS ISSUE:
ENERGY SELLOUT THREATENS
CHEYENNE & CROW NATIONS
WOUNDED KNEE ISN'T OVER:
MASSIVE LEGAL BATTLE SHAPES
SECRET GOVERNMENT STRATEGY
REVEALED IN CANADIAN PAPERS
..
. and other news of interest to
native and natural peoples on:
EDUCATION, HEALTH, POETRY,
LETTERS, BOOKS, RESOURCES
and a special survey of genocide of
native people in South America
. . . a s k y o u r l o c a l / c o l l e g e b o o k s t o r e o r n e w s s t a n d t o
carry a few copies. . .
leave some papers at a food
coop, daycare center, or workplace, in an Indian cen
ter or tribal office.. .
sell the paper on the reservation,
at Indian meetings, church, on campus, on the street.
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaYWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
We'll send a bundle on consignment: send us 35 cents
for each copy actually sold for 50 cents. Timid: get a
bundle of six copies for $2. Bolder ones: order a pack
of 20 for $5 (prepaid). GET THE WORD OUTJ
Sorry we're so late with this issue —
it seems that there is so much activi
ty going on connected with this
TO SUBSCRIBE
newspaper that the actual paper
gets lost in the shuffle. Troubles
There is no fixed subscription price. But that does not
photo by Claus Biegert
with plumbing, problems
in the
mean this paper is free. Printing alone for this issue
In August, two NOTES staff members were married.
community, all the business de
costs over $4,000, and typewriters, ribbons, postage,
They are Roy Davis (center) and Kahontonni (right),
tails, just worrying about survi
glue, etc., will add another $1,000 — and that doesn't
shown here talking with Rarihokwats, NOTES editor.
val and finances from one day
include costs of keeping fulltime staff alive.
They will continue their volunteer fulltime work —
to the next means that free
Roy is responsible for shipping books, posters, and
Some people have lots of money, others have none. If
time to think and write and type is
back issues, while Kahontonni assists him and writes
you want the paper, we'll be glad to send it to you. If
often hard to come by. We hope —
to new subscribers and others needing information.
with your support and help — we will have you want to help with the costs, we will appreciate
Just as they have supported us in their efforts, so we
that
that's the Indian way. Make it work.
another issue out about November 1.
The EndoftheSeason Ceremony has been
'held, giving
us a chance to review the year, as
is customary at that time. There were the trials a year
ago — one to remove young traditionals off the reserva
tion at Akwesasne, and another to remove Rarihokwats
from the United States. The first case is still in court,
and the second was won by our side. About the same
time last Autumn, there was the Trail of Broken Treat
ies in Washington, D.C., and a special issue of NOTES
marked that event. Kanatakeniate, associated editor of
NOTES, was elected president of the American Tndian
Press Association, and Rarihokwats received the Marie
Potts Award of the AIPA. Then, our postal permit was
cancelled — and publication halted temporarily. For
tunately, we were able to get out a special issue cover
ing the first month at Wounded Knee, and another issue
primarily devoted to the last portion of the occupation.
Both issues received wide acclaim, and a book is now in
process reprinting that coverage. Eventually, with the
help of the Program of American Studies at SUNV at
Buffalo and DQ University, our postal permit came
through. During all this time, many NOTES staff mem
bers travelled extensively (44,000 miles) with White
Roots of Peace to help raise funds and spread the word.
One place we went: Washington, D.C., to receive the
Robert F. Kennedy Award for outstanding journalism
on behalf of the disadvantaged. Somehow, we survived
— tired, but more healthy than ever. We hope everyone
had a more peaceful year, but that as you review where
you're at, you find yourself solidly on the sun's path,
and in harmony with the whole Creation.
Another issue will be ready for mailing as soon as funds
for printing have been received. And since we have no
grants, no other sources of finances, we must depend
on you, the readers for our survival
FIRST CALL FOR CALENDARS! The 1974
AKWESASNE NOTES calendars will be ready Nov. 1.
They're $2, plus 25 cents for a mailing tube, postpaid.
We never have enough to meet demand, and for the last
two years there have been several printings. The large
16x22 pages have historical notes for most of the days,
and each month is handsomely illustrated with draw
ings by Kahonhes and Karoniaktaje. They are attractive
and educational — recommended for homes, offices,
and classrooms and as posters. The calendars are also
good for moneyraising, especially for native causes
a bundle of 50 calendars can be had for $50, bringing
the selling group an additional $50 profit. This year's
calendars have a sturdy plastic binding to make hanging
easier. First come, first serve. Write: AKWESASNE
NOTES, Mohawk Nation, via Rooseveltown, N.Y.
13683.
HOW IT
IS WITH
US:
HELP US TO DISTRIBUTE AKWESASNE NOTES
give our support to them in their life together.
(other publications: you can help by running the
above as an advertisemen for us Thanks)
t
A NEW AKWESASNE NOTES BOOK
B.I.A. — We're Not Your Indians Anymore
AKWESASNE NOTES staff consists of many people
(The Trail of Broken Treaties and the Twenty
who help in so many ways
all over the world. Those
whose lives revolve around NOTES are Kahontonni,
Point Program). This book is a reprint of the
Roy Davis, Connie, Doug, Rokawho, Rarihokwats,
NOTES coverage of the Trail of Broken Treaties
Karoniaktatie, Pegi, Sue, Katsitsiakwa. And then there
to Washington, D.C., last November, the occu
are those who come in to glue, tie, collate, bag, and
pation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs head
cook durihg those endless days of mailing an issue. To
quarters, and the eventual destruction of that
everyone who makes this paper possible, we give thanks
building. But more important, this paperback
to each other.
WHfM >M MtTHtC« own
yxwvutsrponmlkihgfedcbaYWUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
book contains the Twenty Point Program, the
reason the Trail went to Washington. It also
contains the White House reply to the Twenty
Points, and a rebuttal by native leaders. We
AKWESASNE NOTES is the official publication of the
believe this dialogue is of immense importance
Mohawk Nation at Akwesasne IPeople of the Longhouse) and
to native peoples, and to the American peoples,
contains (from time to time) the Longhouse News, the official
This paper cannot exist without the support of its
publication of the Mohawk Nation at Caughnawaga.
and that it should be discussed in churches,
readers — you, the human beings who read these
Winner: Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Foundation Journalism
political science classes, on reservations, by all
words. There are many ways you can keep the
Award Special Citation (1973), Marie Potts Award of the
who want a happy relationship between native
paper alive and strong:
American Indian Press Association (1972).
peoples and American peoples. It's about 100
take action on what you read. Write letters,
Member: American Indian Press Association
pages, with good binding — it costs $1.95 post
Underground Press Syndicate
think, give support, change, lend spiritual help.
paid, and in quantity at the usual discounts.
AKWESASNE NOTES is published eight tTmes annually:
send clippings from your local papers. If there is
Oroer one for yourself — and see that it is in
January & February, April & May, July & August, October &
a good photo, try to get a glossy print from the
your bookstores, your classrooms, and libraries.
November. It is published by Program in Arr/erican Studies of
paper's photo department. Date and identify all
the State University of New York at Buffalo; co-publisher is
Order several for holiday giving. The books
clippings.
D-Q University, Box 409, Davis, California.
can also be ordered for resale by Indian groups,
Editorial and circulation offices are maintained on the Mohawk
send us your own materials — articles, essays,
urban centers and others trying to raise funds
Nation at Akwesasne, near Hogansburg, New York, and on the
book reviews, editorials, letters, poems, photos,
— and to raise consciousness. Write:
north side of the reservation at Route 3, Cornwall, Ontario.
tapes. AH can be returned upon request.
Akwesasne Notes
Second class postage paid at Hogansburg, New York 13622 and
Mohawk Nation
take the responsibility of covering an event for
additional entry at Massena, New York 13662.
via Rooseveltown, N.Y. 13683
NOTES and send a completed article, or simply
Postmaster: send form 3579 and all correspondence to:
keep
t/f
AKWESASNE NOTES
Mohawk Nation
via Rooseveltown, N.Y. 13683
telephone: (518) 3584697
(other publications: you can help by running the above
as an advertisement
review copies of the book and
calendar are available upon reques Thanks )
t
NEEDED FOR NOTES:
information and interviews, in writing, or on
tape. We can send a press card upon request.
send us mailing lists — we will send sample copies
of the next issue. How about a list of tribal
members? addresses from an Indian urban center?
of Indian college students?
sell the paper at a powwow, meeting, church,
on your reservation, at the Indian center, in
bookstores, in town, and on campus. You send
us 35 cents for each paper after and if they are
sold. Great for consciousnessraising, too.
Educate your community.
it is marked in red, this is the last issue you will receive
unless we hear from you. We hope you won't be angry
— this is the only way we have of cleaning up the
mailing list every so often since there are no paid
subscriptions.
— lamps for desks & floor lamps
— scissors
— a ditto machine
— good typewriters
DO YOU HAVE A RED LABEL? zyxwvutsrqponmlkihgfedcbaYWVUTSRQPONLKJIHEDCA
— photographic equipment
Look at the front page — check your address label. If
— used or wholesale citizen's band radio
let us know of people who should have the paper
— native people in institutions, friends, nyone
a
who may want to read NOTES.
check out your School or public library. If they
don't subscribe, suggest that they do so. If they
can, encourage them to send a contribution
most send $5.
This month, it is some Quebec addresses, some whose
zip codes begin with "8",
and southern California who
will have red labels. ALL YOU HA VE TO DO IS WRITE
TO US if you are redlabelled, and your name will be
reinstated. This is not an appeal for money, although
we would appreciate any support you may wish to send
at this special time.
MOVING? PLEASE SEND US YOUR CHANGE
OF ADDRESS
IT SAVES US MONEY AND
INSURES YOU WILL GET NOTES,
(be sure to include your old address and zip —
and your new zip too.)
EARLY AUTUMN, 1973
support the paper financially, if you are able.
Particularly now during the summer months
when people tend to forget.
Everything in this paper came from someone who
cared to send it in. And to you all, we are grateful.
PAGE 2
AKWESASNE NOTES
My People
Speak you someone
Who knows what to say
• When they come in a dream
Masked desperate angels
From the valley of a massacre.
Flames of dust rise to the dear air
And the smoke of suffocation
Clings to their stricken clothing.
Reeling with anger
To be told simply the truth,
They come.
— Duane Big Eagle
(Xuthatonga)
TECUMSEH'S VISION
Like a panther lying in wait
for many, many years,
The spirit of Tecumseh waits
(the time is getting near).
Arising now within us
Renewing now our strength,
Calling now for unity
Across this nation's length.
The visions of Wovoka,
The Wisdom of Sequoyah >
The strength of Crazy Horse
The compassion of Chief Joseph
All unite within us .
. .
No more talk of halfbreeds
or with who they cast their lot
For the halfbreeds of our history
are too good to be forgot:
Osceola of the Seminole
Quanah Parker, the Comanche
and John Ross, the Cherokee
All have fought to keep us free.
Spirits of these men and others
building strength again within.
Once again we will be brothers,
and with
unity
we'll winl
— Bob Bacon
/' am the dance
native child / moment in a life
forward
arlene grasps my finger
i am the dance
t
have grown old and lonely
secrets He inside that mountain
backward
as I sit here sad and silent
and curl in blackblue strands
i am hand in hand
of hair flying behind
eyes dosed
come unto me oh my children
wetgrass sucks in rain
voice soaring
come and sing to me the songs
quietly
i am wind
that your fathers taught you
the dance
humming newmade songs
sing them loud for all to hear
we rest on sweetgrass
the heartbeat
youngeyed old men wipe
come unto me oh my children
the drum
their mouths to sing
come and live with your grandfather
i am hand in hand
on top of the mountains and mesas
i am touching
my past skitters out
in the forests and plains
of me now, it is revealed
earth
hand in hand
moments will endure, truly
come unto me oh my children
i am touching
dutch at this time before
come and speak with your grandfather
sky
our lives are impaled, only
for I have grown old and lonely
braided men chant that song
eyes dosed
as I.sit here sad and silent
waiting for the day when we
voice soaring
"she'll be going down to
shall meet at last.
eyes open
chilocco . . . that school soon"
hand in hand
it is a trap of simple string
i am raised above
see, how they hold in her chest
eyes open
and songs, send her off to that
voice leaving
school yes give her that ugly life
& gaining
if the heart is let free
the power circle
the moment will
that will find
the song will
me raised above
endure
the dance
pineapple
— R. A. Swanson
i am
(from his book
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i am the step
Solemn Spirits)
moccasin'd whisper
your smile
comes to me
across
the smoke
weaving light
& dark &
drum
GIFTS
the water drawn
by full moon
these things i bring today to you
in my hand the song of wind
rub the ashes
in my hand the dream of eagle
on face &
& th beat of that heart
in my hand the path of deer
hair
— for th vengers
in my hand the line where the stars rise
hand in hand
83 years & 2 months after woundd nee
tomorrow these things i bring to you
your smiles
th assistant atturny general
the nation's hoop born inside of me
come to me
comments on a slite irritation
the nation's hoop born inside of you
across
th 11 hostages
and a dream with children rising
the dance
& '300' hunting rifle armd redmen
over a line where the stars rise
i am
facing armord personnel carriers
born to the ancient path
(th afterimage
forward
children of our peoples rising
of hollywood wagon circles)
i am the dance
born of the wind and born of the eagle
th claim some r elderly
backward
beautiful wind children rising with songs
& 1 has a heart condition
i am the lifetime
beautiful eagle children rising with light
th precedent has been establishd
eyes dosed
children rising with hope for the nations
obtaining th prisoners
the wind
is th main target
— gayle high pines
— karoniaktatie
we all white folks
come unto me oh my children
come and speak with your grandfather
poetry
EYE OF GOD
Sway song
Chant of the old
Brea ths of ancestors
Whisper the shore
Rays of memories
Pass in aurora.
Grandfather speaks
of yesterday
The legend moonlight hunts.
have a heart condition
& this edition
is lacking
th consideration & manners
to plainly state
we r what we r:
blood oozes from our pours
flesh rots under our finger nails
we stand on babes screaming
our speech but magafone emotion
we carefully listen in ambush
with our eyes looking to a god
we eat once a month
while th professors
politely joust with words
about theater of th absurd
articulating for secure tenured moneys
& hands rubber gloved
holding th scripts
pull from th core
tangents of abstraction
& speak cute jokes
humoring a college audience
curious as to y th common frenchmen
attends th action repeatdly
th decadence reeks
th much talkd about flower
of western culture another myth
for th hypnotized
&
all th redman asks is justice
but THAT s ice
dripping th bEAT or b bEATEN
THAT is th language
of our hearts work for death (dEATh)
its pulse rides th north wind
whose color is black
white's afterimage
He who casts a shadow
like an eagle
your grandson
drinks tokay
He who could make rain
come with a dance
your grandaughter
has never planted corn
He who casts a shadow
like an eagle
your grandson
is drunk at sunset
He who could make rain
come with a dance
do not despair
Your grandaughter does
not understand her children
who return to your path
The joy of their voices
could make the
sun turn round
Lori Phitte
Oh, morning
My spirit draws near you
The rain dears the air
and my heart feels
karl kempton
the sun.
mar 1 1973 sic
Long ago the waves
were saltier
and the People strong.
— Jim Tollerud
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AKWESASNE NOTES
E A R L Y A U T U M N . 1 9 7 3
PAGE 3
V
EMPTY
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'formerly the Cheyenne Reservation."
"I am a Cheyenne. I have traded my tribal
lands to the coal company for a pocketful
of greenbacks.
"I have sold the land of my tribal heroes.
Now the money is gone, and I am alone.
"The history books will say: 'Once there
was a reservation. Once there was people
called the Northern Cheyenne.
—Wally McNamee/Newsweek
Strip mining in Wyoming: the beginning of a new Appalachia? Montana is next
front of bulldozers — some went to jail for interfering
with operations on their own land.
Whether Cheyenne people will be called upon to do the
same depends on what happens next in Lame Deer.
Even the U.S. Senate was not immune to executive
arrogance. Secretary of Interior Morton refused to up
hold a resolution passed by the Senate October 12,
1972, calling for a moratorium on further coal leasing
of federal lands in Montana for one year, or until the
Senate could act on stripmining legislation. (Members
of Morton's family are coalmine corporation executives
with interests in Montana.)
Indian lands in Montana contain approximately one
third of the state's total 30billion tons of strippable
coal reserves. Some of it is owned by the Fort Peck
Reservation in northeastern Montana, but the largest
and most valuable deposits underlie the entire Crow
and Northern Cheyenne reservations in the southeastern
part of the state, roughly in the heart of the prized
ColstripGillette area.
Beginning in 1966, the Bl
A — the legal protector of
Indian resources which must approve all tribal permits
and leases — brought coal companies to the Northern
Cheyenne Tribal Council, encouraging that body ulti
mately to sign a total of eleven exploratory permits for
the tribe's land. Uninformed of the omissions and de
ficiences of the BIA coal leases, the tribal council put
its trust in its trustees, the BIA, one of whose officials
urged immediate action by saying as late as 1972,
"There are indications coal will be a salable product for
only a few years."
Encouraged to take money while the taking was still
good (bonuses, rentals with a floor of one dollar per
acre, and royalties of 17.5 cents a ton) the tribe let out
to Peabody, Amax, Consol, IMorsworthy & Reger, and
Bruce. Ennis a total of 243,808 acres * a startling 56%
of the reservation's entire acreage!
The permits were loosely worded as to reclamation and
other environmental considerations, and gave the oper
ators the right to exercise lease options which were ap
pended as part of the original agreements and which set
forth the monetary and other terms of the leases. Thus,
a permit holder could explore for the coal, discover its
value, then secure it without the seller being able to
negotiate for the really true value of the coal. The
leases, in turn, gave the purchaser the right to use the
Indian land for all manner of buildings and installations
necessary for the production, processing, and transpor
tation of the coal, opening the way for the construction
of power, conversion, and petrochemical plants, railroad
lines, associated industrial complexes, and new towns of
nonIndians, whose numbers would submerge the ap
proximately 2500 Northern Cheyennes and turn the
reservation quickly into an industrialized white man's
domain.
Most members of the tribe were uninformed about the
terms of the leases, but when Peabody and Amax ex
ploration crews appeared, drilling among the Indian
burial grounds and disrupting Indian lives, friction and
unrest developed rapidly. Fearful for the future of the
reservation, their culture, and the tribe itself, a number
of Cheyenne, mostly those who held allotments of their
own land on the reservation, formed the Northern
Cheyenne Landowners' Association to oppose the coal
development.
At almost the same time, Consol entered negotiations
with the tribal council for another 70,000 acres of the
tribe's land, which would have brought the total acreage
held by permittees to 72% of the reservation. Consol's
proposal, which was not made public to the tribal mem
bers, offered $35 an acre and a royalty of 25 cents a
ton — 7.5 cents above what the federal government was
getting for BLM coal, and what the Cheyennes had re
ceived in all previous leases.
To the startled tribal council, Consol explained that it
intended to invest approximately $1.2 billion in an in
PAGE 4
About 6 months ago, a report from the government's
"Now there is nothing. Nothing but an
auditors, the General Accounting Office, reported on
empty black pit."
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(This statement was nailed to the wall of the Jimtown
and topsoils had been removed under lessthanideal
Bar, just across the reservation line.)
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the stripping of Indian lands elsewhere — trees, grasses,
Lame Deer, Montana —
The Northern Cheyenne here
wonder if the energy crisis of the Euro/American peo
ple will spell out their doom. Under the tan sandstone
buttes and the rolling, grassy river bottoms of their
415,000acre reservation here — an isolated area 100
miles east of Billings which they struggled for until it
was finally awarded to them in 1884 — lies a large
deposit of coal.
Large Eastern fuel conglomerates are bidding for it as
if it were gold. Until recently. Western coal was regard
ed as too distant from consumers to be of importance.
But because the fuel here is low in sulphur and can be
burned to generate electricity without violating Federal
air pollution limits on sulphur dioxide emissions, the
enormous reserve in the Fort Union Basin of Montana,
Wyoming, and the Dakotas has suddenly become much
more of importance.
Some experts believe that the area — one of the few
places in the U.S. where you can still get some sense of
how it was before the white man came — will become
the largest industrial development in the world. That is
the forecast of the 20 electric utilities — including the
Interior Department's own Bureau of Reclamation —
in a report which is available from the Bureau, entitled
North Central Power Study — Phase I,
Volume /.
James E. Parker of the Bureau's power division in
Washington says that the power development alone
might be one of the largest in the world. It would,
alone, produce oneseventh of the electricity now used
in the United States.
Water would be carried from a complex system of
aqueducts from the Biahorn, Yellowstone, Tongue, and
Powder Rivers to cool the plants. More than 4/5 of
the Yellowstone's water would be needed.
The utility executives view the semiarid prairie and
badlands where the plants would be built as virtual
wasteland, good only for the grazing of a few cattle.
"My God, they want us to worry about the lichen,"
said the executive of one firm, exasperated with what
he called the "nitpicking" of an environmental group.
Ecologists view it differently. To them, it is a delicate
ecosystem, subject to damage from even minor stresses
let alone something like stripmining. And then the
Cheyenne and Crow have their own religious/ecological
perspective.
Certainly the view of some native people will be that
the development will bring jobs, and tribal councils
will see royalties coming in to their treasury. But pri
marily, the people who will get rich from the project
will be those who finance it, those who build it, those
who utilize the power in faraway places — they lack
only one thing to make it possible, and that's the fuel,
much of which is under Indian land.
The Northern Cheyenne people own the biggest chunk
of the reserve — perhaps two billion tons. Tom Gard
ner, a 37yearold Cheyenne who is the reservation's
antipoverty and community action director, says that
the Cheyenne are facing a "question of the white man's
extinction of our way of life. We see prosperity from
the coal," he says. "But we also see many thousands
of 1/vhite people
perhaps 30,000 miners and technici
ans and the people serving them, when we are only a
few thousand. We see a population explosion, with
bars, beer taverns, and discrimination against our peo
ple. My people are not competitive in the white man's
sense and will be left out, swept aside. So it
is not only
coal we would lose and the damage to our lands for a
few million dollars. It is our l«fs."
supervision. Leases that were negotiated by the Interior
Department to "help" the Indians had been, instead,
overly favorable to the mining industry. |
t sa
j,j
t
h
at
the
leases didn't even follow the department's own environ
mental and reclamation requirements.
Interior replied to the criticism by saying it did not have
enough money to properly police the matter, but con
gressional critics observed that the department hadn't
• sked for any new money to upgrade its efforts in this
a
area.
When President Richard Nixon gave his recent environ
mental message to the U.S. Congress, he offered pro
industry proposals which last year were rejected by the
House in favor of a stronger bill. This would indicate
that if the native peoples are to have strict enforce
ment or prohibition of stripmining, they will have to
do it themselves.
Even white people in the area are starting to understand
what it might mean to be an Indian. Most of them do
not own mineral rights to their lands, and are almost
helpless to prevent the large companies from strip
mining. As they move out to aid "progress", they must
think of how their own forebears not so very long ago
usurped the land from the Indians — for the same
reason.
Miles
Billings
0
25
1
Colstrip
Custer's ast Stand
L
CROW
INDIAN
RESERVATION
Lame Deer .•
NORTHERN
_Y
CHEYENNE
MONTANA
WYOMING
If Consolidation — which is owned by Continental Oil
Company — wins the leaserights, they will have the
right to assign their rights to other firms, to sublease
railroad or roadway rights, and control the whole thing.
Another Continental company, Hanna Coal, operates
strip mines in the east. One machine, the Giant Earth
Mover, is as big as an office building. It is 200 feet
high, weighs more than 7,000 tons. It operates 24hours
a day 7 days a week, and uses enough electricity to
"
supply a city of 15,000. It is operated by one man,
who rides in an elevator up to his cab. Each chomp
takes out 220cubic yards of earth.
Strip mining has to be seen to be believed. The mon
ster machines cut deep, long trenches one beside the
other to reach the coal. The pulverized rock and earth
taken from the trenches is dumped nearby in large
mounds. This results in the complete destruction of
the land — landslides, erosion and siltation are major
results. Erosion entering streams and rivers destroys
them as lifesupporting waters. Acid and mineral
pollution.also result as the coal shale is brought to the
surface.
While the companies point to certain areas that have
been somewhat reclaimed, to date of the 1.8 million
acres of land damaged by stripping, only 56,000 acres
have been reclaimed in any way.
Efforts to halt stripmining across the United States
have been underway for years, and legislation to halt
the operators was stalled in the last Congress. In Ken
tucky, mountain women have united to lay down in
EARLY AUTUMN, 1973
AKWESASNE NOTES
dustrial complex that would include four coal gasifica
over, that the Indians might prefer to mine and mark a:
tion units, and that implied a city of perhaps 30,000
their own coal themselves, drawing on independent
expertise and with the advice of competent environ
nonIndian people inundating the small Indian commu
nity. The company was in a rush to get the permit
mental scientists, protecting the reservation with proper
planning, regulations, and controls.
signed. It urged the Cheyennes to forgo the usual prac
tice of asking for competitive bids ("it would mean the
Whether the tribal councils could actually get such an
loss of several months income") and it offered the tribe
operation together is questionable — even the operation
$1.5 million toward the cost of a new medical center —
of the tribal yowned motel on each reservation has
l
needed badly by the
Indians, but also by the non
proved troublesome and controversial. Some tribal
Indian industry, whose employees would, according to
members worry that the tribal councils are so psycho
a clause in the proposed agreement, have access to the
economically tied in to the BIA that when the pressures
facility — inevitably to become the center's major users.
yxwvutsrponmlihgfedcbaWTSRPONMLIHEDCBA
are on, it is the voice of the people that will be heard
last.
and indicated that die Crows might take actions parallel
ing those of the Northern Cheyennes.
The resentment of the two tribes could seriously threat
en some of the major projects being planned for the
heart of one of the principal coalfields. As such, they
would prove a significant impediment to the federal
government's encouragement of the fullscale exploita
tion of the Western coal. But there is a still greater
threat inherent in the indictment that Indians, once
again, were defrauded by their trustee, the Bureau of
Indian Affairs, which, abetting the coal companies,
opened the reservations to an exploitation marked by
unfair terms, ladk of protection, and deceit.
Throughout the country, other native people are coming
to recognize that the massive nature of the coal develop
ments means the end of the Crow and Northern
Cheyenne Reservations as they have been, and with it
the almost certain extinction of those peoples as tribal
groups. As a result the situation has a growing signifi
cance to all native people, and bids fair to become an
other source of explosive confrontation between them
and the United States Government
For the Nixon Administration, a likely strategy will be
to get into office tribal leaders who will go along with
the exploitation as "economic development", which
will be pointed to as a worthy example of Indian
"selfdetermination". At stake is the administration's
master plan for finding new sources of energy. Nixon
has called for a stepup in coal production to ease
energy shortages.
It is possible that money will talk. The Cheyenne and
Crow reservations contain many people living in hard
core poverty. As tribal chairman Allen Rowland says,
"So many here have had it hard for so long." The
royalty of 17.5 cents for 2 billion tons of coal would
work out to more than $116,000 for each of the 3,000
Northern Cheyennes on the reservation — certainly
something of a temptation.
To critics of the mining who say the coal companies
will "ruin the reservation," some, like 18yearold
Ervin Small, who makes $98.50 per week while he is
studying welding, say, "It
couldn't be any worse than
it is now."
The possibility of confrontation is something that the
U.S. worries about As one official told Ben Franklin
of the New
York Times, "there is the desire of the ad
ministration here in Washington, and of the Northern
Cheyenne leaders, to keep radical Indians, like those of
the American Indian Movement, off the Montana reser
vations."
Actually, the coal mining may be small potatoes com
pared to the struggles just appearing on the horizon. In
late August, the Interior Department opened the way
for bidding on oil shale holdings in the Rockies. There,
the oil is trapped in shale, and only one technical pro
cess is thought to be feasible to extract it — under
ground nuclear explosions.
THE "NEW INDIANS" ?
Sir: In answer to the question, "Should the
residents of one region of the nation be asked to
give up their land and traditions for the good of
other Americans living hundreds of miles away?"
Why ask them?
We need that coal! Let's do the same to them as
we did to the American Indians. Move 'em out
Put 'em on reservations! Strip the land! And
when citizens of the Big Sky country get too
angry or too loud, you can label them "militants"
who are overreacting.
Already the social disruption on the reservation is so
great that the people cannot respond well to
the threat
staring at them — and an influx of money is only likely
to add to the social problems. "Some say go ahead,
some don't have time to think, some can't think,
some
don't think, some are still praying, some are still passed
out, others are too drunk to talk," a young Cheyenne
activist says impatiently.
As has happened on other lands, it
is the traditionals —
the ones who hoid to Cheyenne ways — who have the
greatest backbone of opposition to the loss of their
land. Tribal elders, speaking in Cheyenne in the
presence of the Four Sacred Arrows and the Medicine
Hat at a meeting on the Tongue River recently, spoke
against selling the land at any price.
Lois Blaese
Columbus, New Jersey
zywvutsrponmlkihgfedcbaYWTSRPNMLKJIGFECBA
"When the ArrowKeeper, Medicine Hat Keeper, Sun
(The above letter appeared in the Letters to the Editor
Dance pledges, and traditionallyconscious people of
to Time, May 7,
1973.)
both northern and southern parts of the Cheyenne
Nation stand against selling the land, what Cheyenne
can stand up and speak from a Cheyenne heart and
The company had pressed hard to present an acceptable
say,' Sell the land,' " a traditional spokesman said.
offer to the Cheyenne council. Giving the tribal
council just 15 days to accept or reject it,
a July 7
But Vietnamlike, while the tribal demand was being
letter from Dell Adams, the company's western vice
pondered by solicitors of the Interior Department, the
president, said that if the offer were not accepted "at an
coal companies' plans went forward. On March 21st,
early date, Consol would be forced to take the project
Peabody announced it would supply 500million tons
elsewhere. If it is necessary to do this,"
the letter
of coal from its Northern Cheyenne stripmine to the
warned, "this project will be lost to the Northern Chey
Northern Natural Gas Company of Omaha, and the
enne and it may be a long time before a project of this
magnitude comes again, if ever."
But the company, which had prospective customers of
its own for the coal, needed the deal more than the
Cheyennes did. Word of the proposal leaked out to the
Northern Cheyenne Landowners' Association, and pub
lic meetings were held, cautioning the tribal council to
go slowly. The higher price offered by Consol also
started new thinking. But when Peabody exercised its
options to lease at the old low price, it raised the
question of whether the initial transactions were fair.
Peabody's activities also were causing many resent
ments among the Cheyenne
the terms of the lease
were now seen to be too loose for the protection of the
reservation; the enforcement of stripmining procedures
in the code of federal regulations was not being ob
served by the BIA, and the possibility that corporations
would erect gasification plants and other installations
on Peabody's leased land posed a fearful threat to the
Cheyennes future.
The same questions were raised about Amax's permit,
while in connection with a third permit, given to Bruce
Ennis, the Billings lawyer, and then assigned by him to
Chevron, the Cheyennes wondered if there had been
speculation with their property, and if Ennis had re
ceived a royalty from Chevron on top of their own 17.5
cents — which would have been illegal.
After more public meetings and deliberations, the
Northern Cheyennes called in an attorney of the Native
American Rights Fund in Boulder, Colorado, for advice
and to write an environmental code which would pro
tect the reservation. Other attorneys were consulted,
and on March 5, postponing further consideration of
the Consol proposal with its threat of gasification
plants, the BIA was told to declare null and void all
their existing coal permits and leases.
Attorney Joseph Brecher of the Native American Rights
Fund said that it would be possible for the tribal coun
cil to require companies to pay an assessment on mined
coal, as well as royalties. Tribal natural resources codes
could outlaw mining where revegetation is impossible.
Brecher said legal action might also rescind approval
already granted by the BIA for existing exploration
permits and mining leases. He contends that federal
laws were violated when the BIA did not insist on en
vironmental safeguards before approving the agree
ments.
Brecher, who is a veteran of the Black Mesa legal battles
on the Navajo Nation and Hopi Nation, said that plans
for Montana and Wyoming indicated "Black Mesa is
going to be chicken feed compared with what they are
talking about for you guys up here."
At present, tne only controls on strip mining on Indian
reservations are contained in the BIA's regulations.
They lag behind the best state reclamation laws. There
is no Federal reclamation law, and the proposed Mon
tana law now before the Legislature in Helena would
not apply to reservations.
— Liberation News Service
First they take the land (200 tons at once)
Cities Service Gas Company of Oklahoma City, which
jointly would build four gasification plants, at a cost of
$1.4billion, presumably in the vicinity of the mine.
Each plant would employ up to 600 people (meaning an
influx of many more nonIndians) and construction of
the first plant would start in 1976. Peabody's coal
would, moreover, only fuel two of the giant plants — the
gas companies would need.another 500million tons
from a second mine, which the Cheyennes guessed
would be opened by one of the other permitholders.
Somewhat similar events were transpiring, meanwhile,
on the Crow Reservation, which abuts that of the
Northern Cheyennes. The Crows had let out permits
for 292,680 acres, including rights to the coal in the
offreservation Sarpy area, whose surface the Crows no
longer owned. Some of the rights to that coal had been
bought from them for 17.5 cents a ton by Norsworthy
& Reger, who had then assigned the rights to Westmore
land — with an overriding royalty of 5 cents a ton which
would not be paid to the Crows, but to N&R.
In addition, when making the original deal, N&R had
persuaded the Crows that they could not sell their coal
unless they also handed over rights to 30,000 acre/feet
of water a year (which would be needed for gasification
plants). Unknowledgeably, the Crows obliged, trans
fering one of their water options from agricultural to
industrial use, and turning it over to N&R. Altogether,
in fact, the Crows gave away to the different coal com
panies valuable options for 140,000 acre/feet of water
per year without a penny of payment.
Testimony by James Reger to the Montana Water Re
sources Board in Helena on May 20, 1971, relating how
he had maneuvered the water from the Crows, angered
the Crow People when it came to their attention two
years later. Again, the tribe felt that the BIA had not
offered protection, and now, as with the Northern
Cheyennes, violations were noted in all the permits, and
fears were raised for the future of their people.
(Thanks to Alvin Josephy Jr., for his article in Audubon,
to George C. Wilson of the Washington Post, Richard Gilluly of
Science News, Liberation News Service, CSIvin Kentfield of the
New York Times Magazine, and Ben A. Franklin of the New
York Times News Service, Michael Wenninger of the Billings
Gazette, and to the Louisville, Kentucky, CourierJournal, for
information on which this article is based.)
It is up to the Northern Cheynne and Crow
people, themselves, to get together and see
that their tribal councils respond to the
wishes of the people.
But pressure is needed calling on Interior
Department to comply with the wishes of
the people — and if Interior won't act,
maybe Congress will. Secretary of Interior
Rogers Morton, Washington, D.C., should
be good enough for an address.
Letters of support and encouragement,
offers of special talents and ideas, or
money to help out, can be sent to:
Cheyennes Against Strip Mining
POBox 83
Lame Deer, Montana 59043
Early in 1973, lease options were exercised by Gulf and
At the same time, the tribal council implied that if the
Shell for reservation lands. A report was circulated that
agency refused to undertake such action, the Northern
a nonIndian city of up to 200,000 people was being
Cheyennes would consider suing the federal government
considered for the neighborhood,of Wyola or Lodge
for not having rotected the tribe and its resources,
p
Grass on the reservation. Sentiment for cancelling all
either in the drawing up and approving of the agree
the tribe's leases spread rapidly, and the tribal chairman
ments, or in the observance of provisions in the code of
met with attorneys and Montana environmental experts
federal regulations. The tribal council indicated, more
YWUTSRPONMLKGEA
AKWESASNE NOTES
EARLY AUTUMN, 1973
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